Atmospheric Chemistry Prepared by Benjamin Cotts Stanford University, Stanford, CA IHY Workshop on Advancing VLF through the Global AWESOME Network.

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Presentation transcript:

Atmospheric Chemistry Prepared by Benjamin Cotts Stanford University, Stanford, CA IHY Workshop on Advancing VLF through the Global AWESOME Network

Overview  LEP Events  Early/fast Events  Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) Events  Atmospheric Chemistry

LEP Event Properties 3 1.Onset delay (∆t ~ s) between sferic and onset 2.Differential onset delay with respect to L-shell (~0.5s) 3.Onset duration (t d ~ 1-2 s) of secondary ionization 4.Large ionospheric region of disturbance, ~ 2000 km 5.Occur very frequently 6.Recovery typically ~ s

Recovery Signatures of LEP 4 Pasko and Inan, 1994Peter 2007

5 Early VLF Event Properties  Rapid onset delay (  t < 20 ms)  Rapid onset duration (t d < 20 ms)  Typically recover in ~ s  Event amplitudes ~ dB, rarely >1 dB  Causative CGs <50 km from perturbed path  Lateral extent of disturbances ~100 km Source: [Johnson and Inan 1999]

6 Long Recovery Early/fast Events

Gamma-Ray Bursts  Associated with very energetic explosions Collision of Neutron stars Magnetar  Typically lasts a few ms to several minutes  Accidentally discovered by Vela-3 spacecraft in 1967

Massive Gamma-Ray Burst From Inan et al. 2007

Second Timescale Characteristics From Inan et al dB disturbance!! From Inan et al. 2007

Hour Timescale Characteristic From Inan et al Recovery lasts for over 1 hour!

11 Overview  Ionospheric chemistry Model Framework Constituents/Parameters

Chemistry Model: Species 12 N e - Electrons N + - Light positive ions N x + - Heavy positive ions (cluster) N  - Light negative ions N x  - Heavy negative ions (cluster) Not part of the model, just illustrative:

13  - attachment:  - detachment from light negative ions  x - detachment from heavy negative ions  i - mutual neutralization  d,  d c - dissociative recombination A - rate of conversion N   N x  B - rate of conversion N +  N x +

14 Model of Ionospheric Chemistry  5 constituents: N e - electrons N + - light positive ions O 2 +, NO 2 +, N 2 +, … N x + - positive ion clusters H + (H 2 O) n N  - light negative ions O , O 2 , … N x  - heavy negative ions NO 3 , NO 3  (H 2 O) n Coefficients:   i - mutual neutralization   d,  d c - dissociative recombination   - attachment: 3-body and 2-body (in E)   - detachment from light negative ions (value uncertain): Electron affinity=0.4 eV  highly dependent on T During daytime: photodetachment=0.4 s -1 Also due to active species, N ac : O, N, O 2 (a 1  g )   x - detachment from heavy negative ions, approximately=0 (electron affinity = 3.91 eV), photodetachment = s -1 (during daytime)  B - rate of conversion N +  N x +  A - rate of conversion N   N x   Q – Ionization source; Cosmic ray only source at low altitudes Q cr (peaks at ~15 km)

15 Inan et al., 2007 Recall Gamma-Ray Burst Relaxation matches model results, 2 stages: –Free electrons are quickly attached,  1 ~ (  +   1 –Positive and negative ions recombine,  2 ~ (  i N i )  1 ~ 10 4 s

16 Gamma-Ray Burst Ionization profile recovery

17

Bibliography  Mitra, A. P  Ferguson, 1979  Arijs, 1992  Glukhov et al., 1992  Pasko and Inan, 1994  Rodger et al., 1998  Inan et al., 2007  Lehtinen and Inan, 2007