South Tyrol - a case study1 20 th century - overview  1919 Treaty of St. Germain, annexation by Italy  1939 Option  1946 Gruber- De Gasperi Agreement  1957 „Los von Trient“  South Tyrol before UN  1948 First Autonomy Statute  negotiations Commission of “19”  1969 "Package"  1972 New Autonomy Statute  1992 Formal Conflict Settlement Fascist Oppression Protests, terror 1 st Autonomy regional basis Implementation "Dynamic" aut. 2 nd Autonomy

South Tyrol - a case study2 Population City of Bozen/Bolzano 26,62 72,59 0,79 Population TotalBzBrxMe Census ,1526,47 4,37 German(+ 1,16) Italian(- 1,18) Ladin(+ 0,01) % Census ,36 27,65 67,99

South Tyrol - a case study3 The "Model" and its Different Levels “Foreign“ affairs and external relations (kin-State, CBC, EU, …) Integration into the State Autonomous powers Group-relations within the autonomous entity Content:  Negotiations and special procedures (joint commissions)  Consensus and cooperation  Mechanisms of control Process and procedures: Compromise:  Recognition of (cultural) differences  Autonomy as (internal) self-determination  Subdivision and delimitation of spheres of influence

South Tyrol - a case study4 Group rights in South Tyrol  Cultural autonomy  Parity of languages  Veto rights  Proportional principle Art. 2 Autonomy-Statute In the region all citizens are granted equal rights, regardless of the linguistic group to which they belong, and their respective ethnic and cultural characteristics are safeguarded.

South Tyrol - a case study5 Minority Protection and Autonomy Functional dimension Participation, co-resonsibility Integration Principle of territoriality Multilevel governance Individual vs. Collective Rights ? "Tolerance established by law" Segregation, defensive character Protection of persons Sovereignty Frequent exchange between majority- and minority-positions "Mix" and balance of fundamental principles

South Tyrol - a case study6 Lessons to be learned "institutionalised" forms of cooperation, power sharing and proportional representation, compromise across ethnic cleavages, increased inter-ethnic interaction political conditions economic situation international anchoring dimension of time South Tyrol Case-specific factors of success internationalized conflict de-escalation single procedures (time-frame, joint commissions, enactment norms)  The Process  "Mix" of segregation and integration (within the autonomous entity) coexistence: + living together: legally guaranteed distance between the groups, segregationist character