Chapter 21- The West ( )

The Wars for the West 1. I will be able to identify the different American Indian groups who faced conflict with the U.S. government 2. I will be able to explain how each group of American Indians reacted to being asked to leave their land. 3. I will be able to explain the important resources of the Plains Indians. 4. I will be able to identify the American Indian leaders and the U.S. government officials involved in this set of conflicts. 5. I will be able to explain the outcome of U.S. policy toward American Indians in the West.

The Plains Indians Great Plains- 98 th Meridian to Rocky Mtns, north to Canada and south into Texas Plains Indians depended on horse and buffalo Miners and settlers began to move onto the Plains

The Plains Indians Treaty of Fort Laramie A. Signed by Northern Plains Indians B. Accepted American Indians claim to much of the Great Plains C. Allowed Americans to build forts and roads and travel across American Indian land

War on the Plains Gold discovered in 1858 in Colorado Miners clashed with Cheyenne and Arapaho New Treaty signed A. Created reservations B. American Indians must stay on land which made hunting buffalo impossible

War on the Plains American Indians refused to stay on reservations Sand Creek Massacre- 200 Cheyenne men, women and children killed Bozeman trail- Used by miners from WY to MN A. U.S. Army build forts along trail B. Ran through Sioux hunting ground

War on the Plains Sioux leader Red Cloud declared war Crazy Horse ambushed and killed 81 U.S. Calvary troops U.S. asked Red Cloud to negotiate but he refused until soldiers left U.S. closed Bozeman Trail Sioux moved to Black Hills reservation in Dakota

War on the Plains Treaty of Medicine Lodge- U.S. asked Southern Plains Indians to move Most Plains Indians agreed to live on reservations Plains Indians did not want to give up hunting grounds

War on the Plains Comanche and Texans began to fight Texans could not win the battle so they cut off the Comanche food supply last Comanche leader, Quanah Parker surrendered

U.S. War with the Sioux Custer’s soldiers found gold in the Black Hills (Dakota) U.S. made Sioux sell reservation in the Black Hills and Sioux refused Custer’s 7 th Calvary on June 25, 1867 found Sioux camp along Little Bighorn River, Montana Sioux led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull killed 7 th Calvary

U.S. War with the Sioux Crazy Horse killed in prison Sitting Bull and followers fled to Canada Sitting Bull and followers returned due to lack of food Sitting Bull joined Sioux on Standing Rock Reservation (Dakota)

U.S. War with the Sioux Ghost Dance started by Wovoka, a Paiute Indian A. New life free from suffering B. Buffalo herds return C. Settlers disappear U.S. feared the Ghost Dane would lead to a Sioux uprising U.S. killed Sitting Bull while trying to arrest him Sioux then left reservation Massacre of Wounded Knee- U.S. surrounded Sioux and killed about 150 Sioux

Indians in Southwest & Far West Navajo A U.S. wanted Navajo to settle on reservations (Arizona and New Mexico) B. Kit Carson led U.S. troops in raids on Navajo fields, homes and livestock C. Once they ran out of food and shelter, the Navajo began to surrender D Long Walk- 300 miles across desert to Bosque Redondo Reservations

Indians in Southwest & Far West Nez Perce A. U.S. promised Nez Perce they could live in NE Oregon, but settlers wanted the land B. Chief Joseph reluctantly agreed to move to the reservation in Idaho C. Few Nez Perce killed settlers, Nez Perce fled D. Less than 40 miles from Canada, U.S. surrounded the Nez Perce ad Chief Joseph surrendered

Indians in Southwest & Far West By 1880s- most American Indians stopped fighting Apache continued to fight A. Geronimo left the reservation (AZ) and avoided capture until 1884 and one year later escaped before being caught again, which he again escaped B. September Geronimo surrendered and Apache resistance ended C. Geronimo was sent to Florida as a prisoner of war

Policy and Protest Government agents stole food and money Land on reservations was not useful for farming or buffalo hunting Sarah Winnemucca- called for reforms in 1870s Helen Hunt Jackson- wrote Century of Dishonor, which criticized federal gov’t treatment of American Indians

Policy and Protest Dawes General Allotment Act A. Land ownership- private B. Reservations divided into 160 acre plots for families C. 80 acres for single adults D. Promised U.S. citizenship

Miners and Railroads 1. I will be able to locate where the mining booms occurred in the 1870s and how they affected the growing West. 2. I will be able to explain how the delivery of information changed over time. 3. I will be able to explain the great railroad race. 4. I will be able to explain the effects the railroad had on the West.

The Mining Boom Comstock Lode- named after Henry Comstock A. Bonanza- large deposit of precious ore B. Took expensive equipment to remove gold and silver C. Large company bought miners claims

The Mining Boom Mining was DANGEROUS A. Wall-less elevator platform B. Little oxygen C. No light- candles did not burn D. Dust from drilling caused lung problems E. Explosions, cave-ins, floods, fires F. Temp- above 130 F

Mining Towns Mining towns produced boomtowns and became ghost towns when mines closed No law and order

Linking East and West Pony Express formed. Used messengers on horseback to carry mail (2,000 mile route) Telegraph lines put Pony Express out of business 1862-Pacific Railways Act A. RR companies received loans and large land grants B. RR carries U.S. mail and troops at low rates

The Great Race Central Pacific and Union Pacific raced to complete transcontinental RR from Omaha to Sacremento Must cross Sierra Nevada, deal with snow drifts and harsh weather RR connected at Promontory, UT

Railroad Company Advertisement Project Instructions: Design an advertisement for a railroad company. The purpose is to make the public aware of the railroad company’s influence on the settlement and development of the West. Items to Include: Name of Railroad (2 points) Speed of Travel (2 points) Improvements of Communication (3 points) Growth of Western Businesses (5 points) 2 illustrations (2 points) Neatness/color (4 points) Spelling (2 points) Extras (Up to 5 points) Total: 20 points

The Effects of the RR Panic of helped to start by RR speculation and collapse of banking firm Depression followed By 1880s many smaller western RR were deep in debt

The Effects of the RR RR increased population and economy of the West RR provided better and quicker transportation of people and products

The Cattle Kingdom 1. I will be able to identify: Cattle kingdoms Ranchers Cowboys 2. I will be able to explain the importance of cattle ranching and cattle drives. 3. I will be able to explain how the end of open ranges impacted the cattle drives and the elements that helped to end the era of open ranges.

The Cattle Boom Texas Longhorns needed little water, could survive harsh weather After Civil War, demand for beef increased Abilene, KS- Joseph McCoy built pens for cattle

The Cattle Boom Cattle Kingdom- Texas north to Canada Cattle grazed on public land called open range

The Ranchers Most owned little land but owned water rights- range rights to ponds and rivers This right could cut competition by stopping farmers and other ranchers from using water

Cowboy Job Advertisement Write a job description for a cowboy in the newspaper. Worth: 20 points The description must include: Overall description of the job’s responsibilities Overall description of the cowboy’s duties It must be at least a ½ page long

The Cowboys (Cowhands) Cowboys took care of Ranchers’ cattle Vaqueros- Ranch hands cared for cattle and horses A. Western saddle B. Lariat- rope for lassoing cattle C. Leather chaps over pants (against thorny brush) D. Broad felt hat (changed to high peaked cowboy hat) E. bandanna

The Cowboys Autumn Round-Up – gathering cattle together (most dangerous duty) Spring Round-Up – branded young calved and horses Disadvantages: Bad weather, cattle thieves, unpredictable livestock, low wages

Cattle Drives & Cattle Trains Cattle drive- herded cattle to market or N. Plains for grazing Chisholm Trail- popular route for cattle drives from San Antonio, TX to Abilene, KS Western Trail- one of the most heavily used, North from San Antonio, TX to Dodge City, KS

The End of the Open Range 1880s- Refrigerated RR could carry meat to Eastern cities Chicago- meat packing plants

The End of the Open Range 1874-Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire Ranchers fenced in open range and water sources Sheep chewed grass so far down, nothing was left for cattle to eat Ranchers/sheep herders/farmers fought over land

The End of Open Ranges Eastern cattle died on Plains Two severe winters killed 1,000s of cattle Ranchers had to buy winter feed

Farming the Great Plains 1. I will be able to explain the Homestead Act. 2. I will be able to explain the Morrill Act. 3. I will be able to explain the farming methods used on the Great Plains. 4. I will be able to explain what daily life was like on the Great Plains.

New Lands for Settlement Homestead Act A. U.S. citizen may receive 160 acres of land B. Must live on land for 5 years Morrill Act A. Granted more than17 million acres of federal land to states for colleges to teach agriculture and engineering More than 50,000 people rushed to Oklahoma to stake their claim

Settling the Plains People moved farther West since farmland was scarce or expensive Exodusters were southern African Americans out West who wanted economic opportunity and equal rights Mennonites were one of the first to begin large scale farming in region

Farming the Plains Sodbusters- farmers John Deere designed plow (sodbuster) to break tough sod Dry farming- switch from water dependent crops to hardier crops (ex: red wheat) in order to farm with little rain and keep part of land unplanted for one year

Farming in the Plains Cyrus McCormick- horse drawn McCormick Reaper Great Plains known as breadbasket of the WORLD

Daily Life on the Plains Little wood so houses were built out of bricks of sod cut out of the ground

Communities on the Great Plains Communities formed to help one another in times of need Communities established a local church and schools A. Schools were one room for all grades

Extra Credit The U.S. Government is giving away 160 acre plots of land to any U.S. citizen willing to pay a small fee and move to where the land is located. Would you go and why? Earn up to 5 extra credit points. All submissions must be at least 1 paragraph long and answer the question in full sentences. Due: day of the test - April 27 th