2000 years in 15 common words and phrases

Consubstantial Logos Arius, 318 Council of Nicea, 325 Homoousius (In Latin, consubstantialis) Constantinople I, 381

Begotten, not made Origen of Alexandria, /5 “As an act of will proceeds from the mind without either cutting off any part of the mind or being separated or divided from it, in some similar fashion has the Father begotten the Son.”

Light from Light Origen of Alexandria, /5 The Ray of Light that hits your eye is the same ray of light in the candle flame “A pure effluence of the glory of the Almighty, the brightness of eternal light, unspotted mirror of the working and power of God.”

Persons Ousia + Idioma = Hypostasis God = 1 Ousia (Nature) + 3 Idiomata (distinguishing characteristics) = 3 Hypostases (Persons) Father = Unbegottenness Son = Origin by generation (Begotten) Spirit = Origin by procession/mission

Mother of God Theotokos: God-bearer Nestorius: Christotokos Council of Ephesus 431 Council of Chalcedon 451

Monk Anthony of Egypt (b.251) & Pachomius (290) Monastic movement introduced by Martin of Tours in France in 397, Patrick in Ireland in 461 St. Benedict’s “Rule,” 520 Monasteries became centers of Christian culture, stabilizing the barbarians Slow assimilation takes place from Christmas 800: Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne

Crusade Pope St. Gregory the Great (d. 604) established the Popes as rulers of central Italy; initiated the conversion of Anglo-Saxon Britain; writings shaped Medieval Papacy Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand; ) revives claim the Popes have authority over emperors and kings Urban II calls for a crusade to retake Jerusalem, 1095

Filioque “Proceeds from the Father and the Son” Orthodox: “Proceeds from the Father through the Son” Toledo III 589 Adopted as official doctrine, circa 1000 & added to the Creed July 16, 1054: Leo IX’s representative, Humbert, excommunicates Byzantine Patriarch Cerularius, & Emperor Michael Constantine & all their followers

Scholasticism Charlemagne orders Bishops to establish schools at their cathedrals 1170: Rise of universities Aristotle’s works rediscovered and translated, along with Arabic & Jewish commentaries Bonaventure (d. 1274) Albert the Great (d. 1280) and Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274) reconcile Christian thought with Aristotlian rational thought (Faith & Reason)

Avignon Captivity 1100’s Rise of Nation-States 122o-50 Popes, notably Gregory IX, fight Emperor Frederick over Sicily & the Papal States 1294 Celistine V resigns after less than a year 1300 Pope Boniface VIII declares the first “Holy Year” (One of the pilgrims is Dante); fights with French king Philip the Fair; Pope attacked Sept. 3, 1303 Clement V, elected in 1305 while in France, stayed there : Seven Popes

Avignon Captivity Clement V ( ) w/ King Philip the Fair suppressed the Knights Templar John XXII ( ) “Pope Midas” Money Changers Benedict XII ( ) Jacques Fornier, inquisitor suppressed the Cathars. Clement VI ( ) Innocent VI ( ) Urban V ( ) St. Gregory XI ( ) St. Catherine of Sienna

The Great Schism Avignon Gregory XI returns to Rome

The Great Schism Avignon Rome Gregory XI returns to Rome Gregory XI dies in Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts.

The Great Schism Avignon Rome Gregory XI returns to Rome Cardinals declare Urban’s election invalid; Elect Clement VII. Gregory XI dies in Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts.

The Great Schism Avignon Rome Gregory XI returns to Rome Cardinals declare Urban’s election invalid; Elect Clement VII. Gregory XI dies in Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts. Urban dies in 1389; cardinals elect Boniface IX

The Great Schism Avignon Rome Gregory XI returns to Rome Cardinals declare Urban’s election invalid; Elect Clement VII. Clement dies, 1394; Benedict XIII elected; breaks promise. Gregory XI dies in Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts. Urban dies in 1389; cardinals elect Boniface IX

The Great Schism (cont.) Avignon Rome (Benedict XII continues) 1406: Boniface dies; Gregory XII elected; promises to resign if Benedict does. Face-to-face talks never happen

The Great Schism (cont.) March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V.

The Great Schism (cont.) March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome.

The Great Schism (cont.) March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome. 1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a reprobate.

The Great Schism (cont.) March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome. 1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a reprobate : Council of Constance; Assertion of councilar supremacy in the decree Sacrosancta, April 6, 1415.

The Great Schism (cont.) March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome. 1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a reprobate : Council of Constance; Assertion of councilar supremacy in the decree Sacrosancta, April 6, Pope Martin V elected. Pope John flees. Pope Gregory resigns. Pope Benedict XII flees to Spain.

Protestant October 31, 1517: Luther nails his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg Protesting against: Selling Indulgences; Simony (selling church offices); Pluralism (more than one man in the same office); Absenteeism (Bishops who never live in their diocese); Church preaching that actions, not faith alone, are required for salvation Calvin: Pre-destination; Henry VIII: Head of nation- state is head of its church, not a foreigner; Zwingli: emphasis on Scripture

Trent (Tridentine) Council of Trent Scripture & Tradition Seven Sacraments Justification by faith, alone, rejected Reaffirms Christ’s presence in the Eucharist Obliges Sunday preaching Obliges bishops to live in their diocese Seminaries to train priests Imposes censorship (Index of Forbidden Books)

Tridentine (cont.) (Council of Trent: ) Reformed but reaffirmed indulgences Retranslated Bible (New Vulgate)

Infallibility Pius IX: Defined the Immaculate Conception Dec. 8, 1854 Syllabus of Errors, 1864: Lists 80, including allowing non-Catholics in Catholic countries to practice their religion and that the Pope should reconcile himself with progress, liberalism and recent civilization. Vatican I, 1870, Defined infallibility: The Roman Pontiff’s doctrinal definitions are “irreformible of themselves, and not from the consent of the Church…” BUT …

Infallibility (cont.) Only when the Pope is speaking ex cathedra, as supreme pastor Deals with a doctrine of faith & morals Divine assistance that protects him from error is due to the gift of infallibility granted to the Church, itself.

Vatican II John XXIII ; Paul VI Summons a Council: January 1959 Four sessions: Oct. – Dec. of 1962, 63, 64, Formal documents Church looks at: 1) Itself 2) Other Christians 3) The World

Vatican II SACROSANCTUM (Liturgical reform) Pius X : Encouraged frequent Communion; lowered minimum age from 14 to “age to reason;” called for use of Gregorian Chant Early 1900’s in Europe: Translation of Roman Missal 1932 in U.S.: My Sunday Missal Pius XII : Modified Eucharistic fast; reorganized Triduum liturgies

Vatican II SACROSANCTUM (Liturgical Reform) Active participation in liturgy is a right & a duty Paschal Mystery: Suffering, death, resurrection Emphasizes Christ’s presence in the scripture Allows use of the vernacular Allows reception of Eucharist under both species Bishops’ conferences to decide on changes Approved in 1962: 2, Final vote in 1963: 2,147-4

Vatican II DEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation) God his revealing Himself, not just a list of rules General Revelation: God speaking to all humans, calling them to love Special Revelation: God’s choice to reveal Himself to specific groups of human beings, Jews and Christians The Christian revelation (Jesus & the sending of the Spirit) is the high point of revelation, in that it is God’s personal self-communication

Vatican II DEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation) What Jesus reveals to his disciples is called the Deposit of Faith. Tradition (Our common experience of trying to live what Jesus taught, guided by the Holy Spirit) and… Scripture (Writings inspired by the Holy Spirit) both arise out of the Deposit of Faith.

Vatican II DEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation) Scripture “teaches firmly, faithfully and without error that truth which God wanted put into the sacred writings for the sake of our salvation.” (DV 11) “Since God speaks through sacred Scripture through men in human fashion, the interpreter of sacred Scripture, in order to see clearly what God wanted to communicate to us, should carefully investigate what meaning the sacred writers really intended, and what God wanted to manifest by the means of their words.” (DV 12)

Vatican II DEI VERBUM “The task of authentically interpreting the Word of God, whether written or handed on, has been entrusted exclusively to the living teaching office of the Church.” (DV 10) This is called Magisterium. “This teaching office is not above the Word of God, but serves it” (DV 10) Sacred tradition, sacred Scripture & the teaching authority of the Church “are so linked and joined together that one cannot stand without the others” (DV 10)

Vatican II LUMEN GENTIUM: (The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church) Church is a Mystical Body. The visible nature of the Church is not enough; ALL CHRISTIANS are members of Christ’s Mystical Body with a shared, supernatural existence People of God Church is “linked” to all Christians, Jews, Muslims, non-Christian religions, “those who strive to live a good life” (LG 15, 16)

Vatican II LUMEN GENTIUM: (The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church) Eschatological Institution: The Church is the final development of God’s saving plan but we have not yet reached full flower. We are journeying toward Christ’s second coming but the Reign of God already is in our midst. We are a combination of already/not yet. The Church is the budding of the Kingdom Sacrament. Just as Christ is the sacrament of God; the Church represents Christ to the world

Vatican II UNITATIS REDINTEGRATIO (The Decree on Ecumenism) “Catholics must joyfully acknowledge and esteem the truly Christian endowments from our common heritage which are to be found among our separated brethren.” “Nor should we forget that whatever is wrought by the grace of the Holy Spirit in the hearts of our separated brethren can contribute to our own edification.” Calls for dialogue, understanding & a mutual “change of heart”

Vatican II NOSTRA AETATE (Declaration on non-Christian Religions) The Church rejects nothing that is holy and sacred in these religions The Church repudiates all persecutions

Vatican II DIGNITATIS HUMANAE (Declaration on Religious Freedom) The dignity of the human person supersedes ALL government and social constraints. Only areas where government should intervene are: 1) Create a peaceful way to solve disputes; 2) Maintain a genuine public peace; 3) Guard the public morality Every human being has a right to publically express their religious ideology Parents have a right to determine their children’s education Racial and ethnic discrimination are condemned

Vatican II GAUDIUM ET SPES (The Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World.) Treats Humanity as a whole, not as Christians & non- Christians. Very Optimistic! Says the triumphs of the human race are a sign of God’s greatness and the flowering of His mysterious design.

Vatican II GAUDIUM ET SPES (cont.) It praises humanity’s economic, artistic, scientific, technical and philosophical achievements, declaring such progress purifies religion by banishing magic and superstition Urges Christians to devote their energy to the world Says the Christian life joyously brings God’s values – love, dignity, forgiveness - to the world

Catholic responses to secular society

The Church Today Cardinal Avery Dulles Institution Offer Salvation to All Mystical Communion Provide Spiritual Support Sacrament Make Christ Present Herald Preach the Gospel Servant Transform Society

The Church Today Philip Murnion Traditionalist Sectarian Response of the Right or Left Community as Intimacy Association Solidarity