Fundamentals of Biology

The ingredients of life Beside water, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are necessary for life. Beside water, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are necessary for life. Compounds made up of these three things are known as organic compounds Compounds made up of these three things are known as organic compounds

The four main groups of organic molecules Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Proteins Proteins Lipids Lipids Nucleic acids Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates Starches and sugars Starches and sugars Functions - used for energy & structure -chitin (shells of marine organisms) and cellulose (the main ingredient of wood and plant fibers) Functions - used for energy & structure -chitin (shells of marine organisms) and cellulose (the main ingredient of wood and plant fibers)

Proteins Functions: make up muscles, enzymes, hormones, carry oxygen, and even act as antifreeze in Antarctic fishes Functions: make up muscles, enzymes, hormones, carry oxygen, and even act as antifreeze in Antarctic fishes

Lipids Fats, oils and waxes Fats, oils and waxes Functions: energy storage, waterproofing, insulation and help with buoyancy Functions: energy storage, waterproofing, insulation and help with buoyancy

Nucleic Acids Functions: store and transmit the basic genetic information of all living things Functions: store and transmit the basic genetic information of all living things

Cells Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes – no organelles Prokaryotes – no organelles Eukaryotes – organelles Eukaryotes – organelles

Life in the sea What is unique about living in the ocean? What is unique about living in the ocean? Salt water Salt water

Dealing with the salt Diffusion – molecules moving from high concentration to low. Diffusion – molecules moving from high concentration to low. Cells spend most of their energy actively transporting materials opposite the direction of diffusion. Cells spend most of their energy actively transporting materials opposite the direction of diffusion.

Marine fish have the ability to rid their body of excess salt – through their gills and in their urine Marine fish have the ability to rid their body of excess salt – through their gills and in their urine

Reproducing Sexual – eggs, sperm and fertilization – offspring inherits genes from each parent Sexual – eggs, sperm and fertilization – offspring inherits genes from each parent Asexual – budding, and fission – all offspring are exact copies of parent Asexual – budding, and fission – all offspring are exact copies of parent

Why the diversity? Theory of evolution – the gradual alteration of a species genetic make-up. Theory of evolution – the gradual alteration of a species genetic make-up. Why does this occur? Why does this occur? Natural Selection – the best adapted individuals produce more offspring Natural Selection – the best adapted individuals produce more offspring

Classifying all the organisms KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FROM GREECE SATURDAY KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FROM GREECE SATURDAY Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Species Species

Bottlenose Dolphin Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Class Mammalia Order Cetacea Order Cetacea Family Delphinidae Family Delphinidae Genus Tursiops Genus Tursiops Species Tursiops truncatus Species Tursiops truncatus