Democratic reform and activism Unit Enduring Understandings 2.Changes in technology and exchange during the 18 th and 19 th centuries led to the social and economic changes around the world that are still relevant today. 5. Technology and industrial advancement can alter existing social and economic systems. Agenda – 1.In reformist thinker groups – continue discussing the main ideas of your person. What does he see as the proper role of government, capital and labor? What is the best way of improving life for everyone? 2.Form new groups with representatives of each reformist thinker – how are they different? Explain how each is a result of the industrial revolution. What lessons from each apply to today? 3.Complete p 13 to compare Industrial Revolution and Enlightenment 4.Complete Democratic Reform and Activism – p 16p 16 5.Work on Core Assessment – get computers and do some research

An Age of Reforms Main Idea: The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms.

Differing Philosophies  The Industrial Revolution changed the structure of society, opening up a gap between rich and poor  New philosophies emerged regarding the role of the government in an industrialized society

Differing Philosophies  Laissez-faire thinkers (Adam Smith) support a free market and oppose government regulation  These ideas are the basis for capitalism  Other thinkers oppose laissez-faire policies and favor government efforts to improve people’s lives

Rise of Socialism  Reformers sought the establishment of a new economic system called socialism  In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all  Socialists believe the government should actively plan the economy and promote equality between all people

Karl Marx  German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism  Believed that history is controlled by economics and class struggle  The future would lead to communism

Communism  Capitalist society would eventually destroy itself, as the proletariat would revolt  Workers would bring about economic equality for all and a classless society would form with the absence of any government  Private property would cease to exist

Unionization and Reform  Workers organize unions to raise wages and improve conditions  Unions eventually become established and legal  Reform laws are passed in Britain and the United States to limit child labor and set work hours

Reform  The abolition movement helps to end slavery by the end of the 1800s  Free public education for all children

The Economic philosophers 1.Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations 1.Economic liberty guarantees economic progress 2.Government needs to stay out of economics because: 1.Buyers will buy 2.Sellers will sell 3.Each will participate in economics out of their own self- interest 4.Harmony will results 2.Thomas Robert Malthus 1.Population grows too fast for food supply 2.Epidemics and war are good to control population 3.Most people will be poor, but too many people and there will be too many poor. 1.There should be little charity, because the poor will become dependent and further drive down wages, making the poor poorer

The Economic philosophers 3.David Ricardo 1.Another capitalist proponent 2.Free trade is good for all 3.Government intervention will hurt profits and productivity 4.There will always be an underclass, and as Population grows, so will wages be driven down, making the poor, poorer. 4.John Stuart Mill 1.Leading thinker of Utilitarians - “greatest good for the greatest number.” 2.Wealth and inequality are bad and only gov’t laws and more equally distribute wealth and help the poor 3.Believed that cooperative agriculture and the rights of women should be promoted 4.Workers should be able to elect their management – called economic democracy

The Economic philosophers 6.Fournier and Saint-Simon 1.First major socialists 2.Believed that the state should own all of the means of production so that all can benefit, not just the capitalists. 3.Free-markets exploit the workers for the benefit of the owners 5.Robert Owen 1.Factory owner who believed workers need help 2.Provided low-rent housing for workers 3.Provided school for workers’ children 4.Prohibited young children from working in his mills 5.Founded a utopian community in the US – failed after 3 years.

The Economic philosophers 7.Marx and Engels – the first Communists 1.Capitalism is necessarily exploitive, making workers angry and poor. 2.Capitalism will destroy itself as workers become more and more angry, they will rise up and throw down the capitalists and spread the wealth to all 3.The end result will be utopian democratic communism where everyone will work for the benefit of everyone – “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.”

The Economic philosophers and the reformers 8.William Wilberforce 1.Slavery and the slave trade are evil and need to be abolished by law 2.Parliament abolishes the slave trade in 1807 and slavery in the entire empire in Jane Addams 1.Wanted to help poor and working women so set up Hull House, a settlement house that provided social welfare help to poor and working women, including food, shelter and child care 10.Horace Mann First proponent of public education for all children

Stakeholders in the economy widen and deepen leading to changes in society and politics Feudalism – King is the center and the aristocracy control the land – the primary means of production. Peasants can live and there are a few merchants

Stakeholders in the economy widen and deepen leading to changes in society and politics Under mercantilism, the king’s power is still central, but the aristocracy begins to give way to the merchants – and the merchants then get more political power

Stakeholders in the economy widen and deepen leading to changes in society and politics During industrialization, the king’s power weakens, the aristocracy give way to the merchants and industrialists, workers become key to industrial success, but have rather worse off lives– the merchants and industrialists get more political power

Stakeholders in the economy widen and deepen leading to changes in society and politics After industrialization, the king’s power weakens, the merchants and industrialists have the political power and workers demand and get more political power.

Democratic Reform and Activism DateEventconsequences 1830Revolution in France UK parliamentary leaders, afraid of a potential revolt in UK like that in France are motivated to propose a suffrage reform bill 1832UK Reform BillLowered the property restrictions on voting so that the new bourgeosie could vote. It also modernized districts so that more representation in parliament could come from cities. 1837Victoria becomes Queen The spread of democracy weakens the monarchy 1838Chartist Movement’s People’s Charter Petition called for all men to have right to vote in yearly elections by secret ballot and the end the property requirement to become a Member of Parliament. Was rejected, but was a framework for future democratic reform 1884Parliament extends vote to rural workers Regular people wanted the vote so parliament would be responsive to their needs and so that the ills of industrialization could be addressed by law 1903Emmeline Pankhurst forms Women’s Social & Political Union This group’s goals were to get voting rights for women and to change the unfair laws that made women second-class citizens.

Self-Rule for British Colonies CausesActions/ EventsEffects A. Religious and cultural differences b/t mostly Catholic French and mainly English Protestants B. Pressures from both groups for greater voice in government 1. Parliament creates Upper Canada and lower Canada in 1791 A. Each province got its own elected assembly with limited powers that temporarily eased tensions until later rebellions led to unification of Canada A. Many Canadians felt Canada needed a central government to protect against territorial expansion by the US 2. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick join with the Province of Canada to form the Dominion of Canada in 1867 A. Established self- government for Canada within Canada. B. Led to westward expansion and economic development A. Conflicts b/t Maoris and European settlers over land led the settlers to plead for annexation so they could be protected by British government 3. British annex New Zealand in 1838 A. Maoris negotiated with British government to retain control of their lands in return for acceptance of British Rule B. Settlers became more prosperous by producing wool and agricultural products for export

Self-Rule for British Colonies CausesActions/ EventsEffects A. Britain wanted to retain control of Ireland in face of Irish demands for Irish nationalism 4. British Government formally joins Ireland to Britain in the Act of Union of 1800 A.Setback for Irish nationalism B.Irish reps in Parliament C.Catholic Emancipation Act restored rights to Catholics A. Pressure from English landowners in Ireland 5. During Great Famine, British Government forces Irish peasants to continue paying rent A.Many Irish lost their land and fell hopelessly into debt B.Mostly English landowners got rich from high price of food C.Irish got even more resentful at British rule D.Millions of Irish emigrated A. Irish frustrations over delay in independence due to WWI B. British reluctance to offer home rule or independence due to fear for Protestants’ safety 6. Irish nationalists rebel in Dublin A.Britain agreed to home rule for southern Ireland in 1914 B.Continued violence, bitterness and unrest resulting in division of Ireland in 1921