Drill: Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced at -23 o C under 83.1 kPa pressure when 5.1 g of ammonia is decomposed.

Review Drill & Tests

CHM II HW Review PP-15 Complete the attached assignment & turn it in tomorrow

Are there any questions on previous material?

Bonding

Types of Bonds Ionic Covalent Metallic

Metallic Bonds Electrons are shared by many atoms Electrons free to move Two or more metals

Metallic Compounds Generally high MP Hard & lustrous Less brittle Conductors

Metallic Bonds No debate about metallic bonds Easy to identify Will not be discussed

Ionic Bonds Electrons are transferred from one atom to another creating (+) & (-) ions Metal & nonmetal

Ionic Compounds Held together by electrostatic charge Very high MP Brittle

Covalent Bonds Electrons are shared by two atoms Two nonmetals Weaker than ionic

Covalent Compounds Low MP Two nonmetals Flexible Some exceptions

Network Covalent or Macromolecules VHMP Extremely hard

Molecule Any compound that can exist as an entity by itself

Distinguishing Bonds Distinguishing ionic & covalent bonds can be difficult, but generally determined by difference electronegativity

Bonds Types Ionic Polar covalent Non polar covalent

Bond Types Ionic:  EN > 2.0 Covalent:  EN < 2.0 Polar Covalent: 0.5<  EN <2.0 Non polar covalent :  EN < 0.5 Nothing is absolute

Coordinate Covalent Bonds A covalent bond in which the two electrons are donated by one atom

Coordinate Covalent Bond H 3 N:BF 3 H 3 N-BF 3 H 3 NBF 3

Classify Bonds Na-FH-Cl C-OMg-O Fe-Fe

Dipole Polar bonds Polar molecules

Dipole H F  +  -

Ionic Bonding - +

Covalent Bonding Occurs when electron orbitals overlap

Orbitals On the board Max 2 e - per orbital

Hybridization When s, p, and/or d orbitals (electron clouds) mix to make a new type of multi- lobed orbital

Hybrid Orbitals spdsp 3 sp 2 d 2 sp 3 sp 3

Electron Cloud Repulsion In molecules each electron cloud repels other clouds enough to spread as far apart as possible

VSEPR Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Electron pairs repel each other to spread out as much as possible

Bonding Orbitals TypeHybrid VSEPR 2 lobessp AX 2 3 lobessp 2 AX 3 4 lobessp 3 AX 4 5 lobes dsp 3 AX 5 6 lobes d 2 sp 3 AX 6

VSEPR Orbitals

Bonding Orbital Shape 2 lobes: Linear 180 o 3 lobes: Trigonal planar 120 o 4 lobes: Tetrahedral o 5 lobes: Hexahedral 120&180 o 6 lobes: Octahedral 90&180 o

Drill: Calculate the density SO 2 at 47 o C under 83.1 kPa Pressure:

Review & Collect Drill & HW

CHM II HW Review PP-15 Complete the attached assignment & turn it in tomorrow

Are there any questions on previous material?

Draw the Bonding Electron Dot Diagrams for Each Element

Bonding Electron Dot Diagrams Electron dot diagrams that go through 4 singles before any electrons are paired up

1A: 1 single 2A: 2 singles 3A: 3 singles 4A: 4 singles 5A: 1 pair & 3 singles 6A: 2 pair & 2 singles 7A: 3 pair & 1 single 8A: 4 pair

Drill: Equate each of the following: sp 3 AX 2 2 lobes spAX 3 4 lobes dsp 3 AX 4 6 lobes sp 2 AX 5 3 lobes d 2 sp 3 AX 6 5 lobes

Drill: Classify Each type of Bond: Na-ClAl-Cl C-FH-I Fe-CrP-O

Review & Collect Drill & HW

CHM II HW Review PP-15 Lab tomorrow Lab 6 due tomorrow Complete the attached assignment & turn it in on Monday

Lewis Dot Diagrams Representation of valence electrons and bonds in a molecule or polyatomic ion

Drawing LDDs Draw the bonding electron dot diagram for each element in the molecule with the element with the most unpaired e - near the center

Drawing LDDs If there is more than one carbon, connect the carbons by connecting single dots between one carbon & another

Drawing LDDs Connect a single dot on one atom to a single dot on another (never two on the same atom)(never connect one dot to more than one other dot)

Drawing LDDs Repeat connecting the dots until all singled dots are connected making sure to obey the octet rule if possible

Drawing LDDs Recognize polyatomic ions H 2 CO 3 : CO 3 -2 is a polyatomic ion; thus, the three Os must connect to the C

Drawing LDDs Redraw the molecule neatly making sure to include all dots

Draw LDDs for: BeCl 2 H 2 O BF 3 C 2 H 6 CH 4 C 3 H 6 NH 3 CH 2 O

Lab 07 on Atomic & Molecular Orbitals will be done tomorrow.

Draw the LDD for: C 4 H 8 H 2 CO 3

Draw LDDs for: H 2 C 2 O 4 C 4 H 6

Coordinate Covalent Bond A covalent bond in which both electrons are donated by one atom

Draw LDDs for: SO 4 -2 SO 2

Drill: Draw the LDD for: C 4 H 9 NO 2 H 3 PO 4

Review & Collect Drill & HW

CHM II HW Review PP-15 Complete the attached assignment & turn it in tomorrow.

Resonance Structures Equally valid Lewis Dot Diagrams for molecules or polyatomic ions that have the same shape.

O O N O O O N O

Draw LDDs: HNO 3 C 4 H 5 NO

Drill: Draw LDDs for: PH 3 PO 3 -3 HCN C 4 H 8 O

Expanded Octets Sometimes atoms can be surrounded by more than 8 electrons Columns 5A-8A

If more atoms are bound to the central atom than its unpaired electrons, then split some paired electrons

Example: 5 things bound to P P

Hint When drawing expanded LDDs for polyatomic ion, adjust the charge of the central atom

Draw LDDs for: PH 5 SCl 5 -1

Drill: Draw LDDs: SiF 6 -2 XeF 4

Drill: Draw LDDs: ICl 3 IF 4 +1

Drill: Draw LDDs: P 3 O SCl 5 -1 K 2 SO 4 C 5 H 8 O

Draw LDDs for: CO 2 H 2 O CO 3 -2 C 2 H 6 O

Homework Work problem 33 & 35 on page 204 Predict all

Draw LDDs for: PO 4 -3 P 2 O 7 -4 K 2 SO 4 C 5 H 8 O

Drill: Draw LDDs for: C 4 H 6 OSCl 2 C 3 H 6 O 2 SiOF 2

Draw LDDs for: BeH 2 AlCl 3 SO 2 CF 4 NH 3 H 2 O

Hybridizations sp2 lobes sp 2 3 lobes sp 3 4 lobes

Bond Angles sp~180 o sp 2 ~120 o sp 3 ~109.5 o

Sigma Bonds(  ) End to end orbital overlap All single bonds are sigma bonds All multiple bonds contain one sigma bond

Pi Bonds (  ) Side by side orbital overlap Multiple bonds contain  bonds

Multiple Bonds Double: 1  & 1  Triple: 1  & 2 

Drill: Predict the type hybridization & VSEPR type for central atoms containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 lobes of electron clouds

Drill: Draw LDDs for: H 2 SO 4 SCl 4 C 3 H 6 O 2 XeF 3 -1

Drill: Draw the LDD & predict all for: SO 4 -2 SCl 4

Intermolecular Forces Weak temporary attractions between atoms from one molecule to another or another part of a larger molecule

Intermolecular Forces Hydrogen-bond Dipole-dipole Dipole-induced dipole London dispersion forces

Hydrogen Bond Strongest of the intermolecular forces Occurs when H is bound to one highly EN element & connects to another

Dipole-Dipole When two polar molecules connect

Dipole-Induced Dipole When a polar molecule gets near a non-polar one, it induces the non-polar one to become polar; thus, they connect

London Dispersion Instantaneous attraction for fractions of seconds in which non-polar molecules connect Very weak force

Draw Lewis Dot Diagram for: ICl 5 Determine: bond  s, hybridization, VSEPR, & shape

Drill: Draw the bonding electron dot diagrams for one element in each of the columns that go to the top of the chart.

Identify as ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds Na-Cl Fe-Cr S-ClH-Cl Mg-SC-C N-OFe-Fe

Draw LDDs for: HONOH 3 PO 4 CO 2 C 3 H 4 O 2

Draw LDDs & Predict All for: CF 4 NH 3 BF 3 CO 2 SeCl 4 XeF 4

Draw LLDs & Predict All For: H 3 PO 4 ICl 5 IF 3 CO SeCl 4 C 4 H 6 O 2

Draw LDDs & predict VSEPR, Hybridization, bond  s, & shape of: XeF 4 SCl 4 XeO 4

List & describe the four types of intermolecular forces

Draw Lewis Dot Diagrams of: C 4 H 5 NO 2