The Diversity of Cells Chapter 3: Section 1

Cells and the Cell Theory Robert Hooke - First to see blood, bacterial, and yeast cells First to observe single-celled organisms - From pond scum Anton von Leeuwenhoek - After the invention of a microscope First person to observe cells from a cork 3 major discoveries led to the Cell Theory

Cell Theory - A chicken yolk is one big cell 3. All cells come from existing cells Most are too small to see w/o a microscopeCell Size 2. The cell is the basic unit of all living things 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells - Have to be small b/c food and waste must pass through the surface - As cell’s volume increases, surface areas increases surface area-to-volume rati o = surface area volum e

Cell Membrane - Almost all other contents of the cell - Acts as a barrier - Fluid inside the cell - Surrounds the cell - Protective Layer - Structures within the cell - Each perform specific functions Parts of a Cell Cytoplasm Organelles

Genetic Material - NOT found in every cell - Contains the code for making proteins - Holds the DNA - Carries information to make new cells - DNA - Cell without a nucleus - Cell with a nucleus Nucleus Prokaryotic 2 Types of Cells Eukaryotic

Eubacteria 1. Eubacteria - NO membrane-bound organelles 2. Archaebacteria - NO nucleus - Single-Celled organisms - Also called bacteria - Smallest cells Prokaryotes 2 Types of Prokaryotes - No membrane-bound organelles - Do contain ribosomes - Live in water, soil, and on or in other organisms

Archaebacteria 1. Heat-loving 2. Salt-loving - Whip-like extension used for movement 3 Types: Flagellum 3. Methane-loving - Archaebacteria that live in extreme environments Extremophiles

- 10x the size of bacteria cells - Contain membrane-bound organelles - Usually multicellular - Contain a nucleus - Organism with one or more eukaryotic cells - Made of many cells Eukaryotes Multicellular Ex: Humans, Plants, Algae

Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 3: Section 2

Cell Wall - Helps plants and algae retain their shape - Complex sugar - Used to make cell wall in plants and algae - Provides structure and support - Not in all eukaryotic cells Cellulose

- Can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic - A lipid containing phosphorusPhospholipid - Found in ALL cells - Protective barrier Cell Membrane - Outermost layer when cell wall is not present - Right inside cell wall when present - Contains proteins, lipids, and phospholipids - Allows nutrients in and wastes out

Cytoskeleton - Can help with movement - Acts as muscle and skeleton - Keeps cell from collapsing - Contained in cytoplasm - Web of proteins - Made of 3 types of proteins: hollow, long, or stringy - Inner layer of double layered membrane - “Water loving” - “Water fearing” - Outer layer of doubled layered membrane Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

Ribosomes - Found in ALL cells - Made from amino acids - Make proteins - Not covered by a membrane - Contains the cells DNANucleus - Enclosed by a double membrane - Contains messages on how to make proteins - Contains pores to allow material in and out

- Folded membranes - Where proteins, lipids, and other materials are made - Apart of the internal delivery system Endoplasmic Reticulum - Can be rough or smooth - Rough ER contains ribosomes - Smooth ER lacks ribosomes

- Main power source of the cell - Where sugar is broken down to ATP (energy) - Contains a double membrane Mitochondria

- Found in plants and algae - Site of photosynthesis - Contains a double membrane Chloroplasts - Process using sunlight, Carbon Dioxide, and water to make sugar and oxygen Photosynthesis

- Packages and distributes proteins - Also modifies lipids and proteins for different jobs - Final products remain in a portion of the Golgi Complex membrane in a small bubble Golgi Complex

Vesicle - Responsible for cellular digestion - Contain digestive enzymes - Mainly in animal cells - Includes products from the Golgi Complex - A small sac surrounding materials to be moved in, out, or within a cell - Destroy worn-out cells and cellular waste - Protects cell from invaders Lysosomes - Found in plant and fungus cells - A form of a vesicle - The central vacuole in plants stores water and other liquids Vacuole

The Organization of Living Things Chapter 3: Section 3

3. Specialization 2. Longer Life 1. Larger Size Benefits of Being Multicellular - A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function - 4 basic types in animals Tissue 1. Nerve tissue 2. Muscle tissue 3. Connective tissue 4. Protective tissue Cells Working Together

Ex: Root System, Digestive System Ex: Heart, Lungs, Leaf, Roots - Two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function - 3 basic types in plants Organ 1. Transport tissue 2. Protective tissue 3. Ground tissue Organ System - A group of organs working together to perform a specific function

- Specialized cells that depend on each other - Single cell must be able to perform all life functions - Can perform life processes by itselfOrganism An organism made of one cell An organism made of many cells Unicellular Multicellular

- Structure and function are closely related Ex: Alveoli and Blood Vessels Arrangement of parts The job the part has Structure Function

Diffusion - Through a membrane - Diffusion of water - From high concentration to low concentration - The movement of particles Osmosis

- Contains red and other blood cells - Fluid in blood Osmosis is important to cell functions - Plasma provides water for blood cells - Can make plants firm again when wilted Plasma Passive Transport Moving Small Particles - Does NOT require energy - Moves particles across a membrane