COAL. Peat (Scotland) Earth During the Carboniferous Period, 350-300 Million yrs ago.

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Presentation transcript:

COAL

Peat (Scotland)

Earth During the Carboniferous Period, Million yrs ago

North America 300 million years ago

Ancient Swamps

Carboniferous plants

Ancient Swamps

Ex/ Coal

World reserves of coal = ~1 trillion metric tons World use of coal = ~7.7 billion metric tons/year COAL

Difference between Reserves and Resources

World Coal Consumption = ~8 billion metric tons/yr

World Coal Production = 7.7 billion metric tons/yr

Coal Exports

Coal Imports

Changing Cost of Coal: Affected by Natural Gas Availability

Coal use dates back 5000 years Used extensively by Romans Major use in England in 1200s; start of underground mining In 1700, 5/6 of coal was mined in England Led to England’s Industrial Revolution

Surface Mining is now 2/3 of US production Globally, 60% is still mined underground

Surface Mining (New South Wales, Australia)

Open Pit Mining

Open Pit Mining in India

Strip Mining

Strip Mine Reclamation (N Dakota): active mining is lower right, reclamation is upper left.

Mountain Top Removal

A critical

Augur Mining

Modern Underground Mining

Coal Plant, Germany Coal plants are about 35% thermodynamically efficient, at best. Older “grandfathered” plants can be much less.

Coal Washing – removes soil and rock

Removing Soot

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

Turning coal into coke: Coke is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. It is there to reduce the iron oxide (hematite) in order to collect iron.

Existing power generation could capture >95% of carbon in coal using CCS (CO2 Capture and Storage), also known as Geologic Carbon Sequestration. The added cost is about 2-4 cents per kilowatt-hour (~30%)