2003 P.M. VanRaden* and M.E. Tooker Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD Definition.

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2003 P.M. VanRaden* and M.E. Tooker Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD Definition of Traits and Comparison of Models for Cow Fertility Definition of Traits and Comparison of Models for Cow Fertility

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (2)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Cow Fertility Simulation  Compare data and models Days open Log of days open Lactation pregnancy rate (1 / n) 21-day pregnancy rate (yes or no)  Population simulated 500 sires with 10 – 1000 daughters Sire effects normal for days open

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (3)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Theoretical Distribution of Days Open

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (4)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Pregnancy Rate  Rate that cows become pregnant  Can be derived from days open Non-linear: 21 / (DO – VWP + 11) Linear approx: (233 – DO) / 4  Advantages over days open Positive numbers are desirable Earlier measure of herd fertility

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (5)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Pregnancy Rate vs Days Open Number of Chances Pregnancy Rate Days Open

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (6)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Simulation Results  Heritability estimates.040 for days open.035 for log (days open).029 for lactation pregnancy rate.009 (  4) for 21-day pregnancy rate  True accuracy, or corr (EBV, BV).603 for days open.585 for log (days open).566 for lactation pregnancy rate.602 for 21-day pregnancy rate

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (7)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Value of Cow Fertility  Optimum days open Pregnancy rate affects mean and variance Reduced yield/day vs longer lactations  Fertility expenses per day open Heat detection ($20 / lact .005)= $.10 Semen ($15 / unit + $5 labor) *.025= $.50 Pregnancy exam ($10 / exam)*.012= $.12 Lactations too long or short= $.75  Relative value of DPR = 7% of total

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (8)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Value of Calving Ease  Daughter CE value / difficult birth Veterinary, labor costs= $50 Calf death (20% prob)= $25 Cow deaths before 1 st test (1% prob)= $15  Service sire CE also includes Yield losses / lactation= $40 Fertility and longevity losses= $30  Relative values of each are 2% of total

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (9)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Current and Proposed Selection Indexes: Yield and Health Traits Country (Interbull Code) USA DEUFRANZLNLDCANGBRAUSITADNKSWE % of Interbull Population Index NameNM$NewRZGISUBWDPSLPIPLIAPRPFTS – ITMI Trait Protein Fat Milk % Protein 423 % Fat 122 Longevity SCS / mastitis Fertility Other diseases 23

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (10)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Current and Proposed Selection Indexes: Conformation and Management Traits Country (Interbull Code) USA DEUFRANZLNLDCANGBRAUSITADNKSWE % of Interbull Population Index NameNM$NewRZGISUBWDPSLPIPLIAPRPFTS – ITMI Trait Udder traits Feet / legs Size Dairy character2 Rump11 Final score42 Calving ease Growth / meat46 Milking Speed <146 Temperament523

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (11)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Conclusions  Days open is right skewed but was more accurate and heritable than log or reciprocal transformations  21-day pregnancy rate had equal accuracy due to more observations but lower heritability per observation  In NM$, cow fertility will receive 7% and calving ease traits each will receive 2% of total selection

ADSA Annual Meeting – Cow Fertility (12)P.M. VanRaden 2003 Thank You  Tony Seykora (U. Minnesota) and Bob Miller (AIPL) helped derive an economic value for cow fertility  Many others contributed to the revision of Net Merit: Jack Dekkers, Duane Norman, Melvin Kuhn, Les Hansen, Kent Weigel, Gary Rogers, Steve Schnell, Cheryl Marti, Bennet Cassell, George Shook