Questions What are Chinese ruler and elites’ new attitude toward the West after defeat one after another? What are their strategy to deal with the challenges from the West?

China’s Response to the Challenges from the West Session 3

Table of Contents I. The Self-Strengthening Movement from 1860s to 1890s ( 自强运动） II. Political Reform in 1898 & Revolution in 1911 （百日维新与辛亥革命） III. The New Cultural Movement from 1919 to 1923 （新文化运动） IV. Discussion

I. The Self-Strengthening Movement （自强运动） I-1. New Understanding of the West “A total unprecedented situation in its three thousand years of history- 三千年未有之变局，三千年未有之强敌！ ”Li Hongzhang （李鸿章， ） A Gazetteer of Four Countries ( 四国志） Lin Zexu ( 林则徐） Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms ( 海國圖志） Wei Yuan （魏源， ) history, geography, and politics; military strength; industries; and methods of dealing with the West. “Learn the superior techniques of the barbarians to control the barbarians.” “Chinese learning for foundation, Western learning for practical application- 中学为体，西学为用。 ” Zhang Zhidong ( 张之洞）

I-2. First Period from Train technical and diplomatic personnel Zongli Yamen 总理衙门 (Office of Foreign Affairs) in 1861 Translation College ( 同文馆） in 1862 Dispatch students abroad (120 boys went to America) Adopt Western firearms, machines, scientific knowledge A small gun factory at Suzhou in 1864 Jiangnan Arsenal in Shanghai in 1865 Fuzhou Dockyard in 1866 Tianjing Marchine Factory in 1870

I-3. Second Period from Profit-oriented enterprises such as shipping, railways, mining and the telegraph China’s Merchants’ Steam navigation Company in 1872 Kaiping Cola Mines in 1887 Suzhou Machine Factory in 1887 A textile factory in 1878 Shanghai Cotton Cloth Mill in 1878 First telegraphy line from Daku to Tianjing in 1879 A Naval Academy in Tianjing in 1880 Imperial Telegraphy Administration (Shanghai-Tianjing) in 1880 A harbor and shipyard in Daliang in 1882 Students to Britain, France and Germany to learn shipbuilding, and navigation in 1884

d phase from 1885 to 1895: I-4. Third Period from Focus on light industries A textile mill in Shanghai in 1886 Mints factory in 1887 Mohe Cold Mines in 1887 Beiyang Fleet ( 北洋水师） in 1888 A cotton mill and an iron factory in Guangzhou in 1889 A Shanghai paper mill in 1891 Four cotton and textile plants in 1893 Two match companies and Hubei Textile Company in 1894

I-5. Achievements & Progress The Self-Strengthening Movement marked the beginning of industrialization and sowed the seeds of modern capitalism Metropolises such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Tianjing were born First group of professionals such as engineers, managers and the working class appeared in China

Questions What are the motivation of the Self-strengthening movement ? What are the limitation of the Self-strengthening movement ? What are the next step to learn from the West?

The limitation of the Self- strengthening Movement Its imitation of western armament, technology and diplomacy was a superficial gesture toward modernization. The finer aspects of western civilization-political institutions,, social theories, philosophy, fine arts and music went total untouched.

1-6. Failure of the Self-Strengthening Movement The Sino-Japanese War from The Beiyang Fleet was totally destroyed The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on April 17, ) Recognition of Korean independence and termination of tribute to China 2) An indemnity of 200 million taels to Japan 3) Cession of Taiwang, the Pescadores and the Liangdong peninsula 4) The opening of Chongqing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Shashi 5) The right of Japanese nationals to open factories in China

I-7. Factors Lead to the Failure of the Sino- Japanese War Li’s only army vs. the might of whole Japan Nanyang Fleet stood by during the battles Dowager Cixi misused the naval fund for her own pleasure to build the Summer Palace Two most advanced warships including the Yoshino were purchased by Japan Corruption and poor training of Li’s own army Miscalculation of Li’ diplomatic action Limitation of the Self-Strengthening Movement

II. Political Institutional Transformation ( ) New thinking: it is far from enough only to learn western technology and industry. China needs to make political changes. A top-down political reform under Emperor Guangxu ( 光绪） : 100-Day Reform (6/11-9/21, 1898) “The New Deal” - to transform an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy Key person in the political reform: Kang Youwei ( 康有为） Liagng Qichao ( 梁启超）

I-1. New Deal Education Replacement of the eight-legged essay by essays on current affairs Establishment of modern schools Political Administration Abolition of unnecessary offices Appointment of the progressives in government Improvement of administrative efficiency Industry Promotion of railroad construction Promotion of agricultural, industrial and commercial development Others Tour of foreign countries by high officials Protection of missionaries

Failure of the Reform A coup took place and put Emperor in house arrest Causes and effects of the failure Reformers vs. whole Confucian state and society Dowager and her followers All the scholars Government officials whose offices were abolished Manchu Bannermen and Chinese Standard Army Consequence: Han people were determined to overthrow the rule of the Manchus

Empress Dowager Cixi & Emperor Guangxu 慈禧与光绪

II-2. Sun Yah-sen’s Revolution in 1911 Overthrow Manchurian Rule internally and drive imperialist powers externall Three People’s Principles 1)People’s National Consciousness / Nationalism 2)People’s Rights / Democracy 3)People’s Livelihood / Socialism

Result Republic of China was established in 1912 Yuan Shi-Kai took advantage of the Revolution and replaced Sun to become the President of ROC Yuan’s death led to war-lords competition and chaos in China.

Questions Why did Sun’s revolution fail? What are Chinese elites’ new understanding of China’s problem and what are their new strategies?

III. The New Cultural Movement from 1917 to 1923 “Down with Confucianism” “Welcome Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science” - Chen Duxiu ( 陈独秀） John Dewey vs. Bertrand Russel Liberalism vs. Socialism

IV. Conclusion Facing the Challenges from the West after 1840, Chinese civilization declined significantly. In order to avoid the fate of destruction, Chinese people made radical changes in the following three stages: The Strengthening Movement The Political institutional transformation The New Cultural Revolution

Discussion What are differences between the One Hundred Day Reform and Sun’s Revolution? What are the differences and significances of the three approaches to deal with the challenge from the West? What are the consequences of China’s criticism of Confucianism and worship of Western democracy and science?

Thank you! Questions?