Q: What’s the difference between atoms and molecules? Elements and compounds? A: Molecules are made up of two or more atoms joined together. Compounds are made up of two or more elements.

B. What is everything made of? Element – Substance that can’t be broken down to any simpler substance, e.g. ____________, _____________, ______________ Atom – Basic unit of matter, smallest particle of an _______________. Compound – Pure substance made of two or more elements, e.g. ______________ _______________________ Molecule – Particle made of two or more __________ joined together. Smallest particle of a __________________ carbonoxygenhydrogen element water (H 2 O)carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) atoms compound

Carbon Compounds Essential Questions 1. What nutrients do all living things need? 2. What are the building blocks of cells?

1. The author states that “no other element even comes close to matching carbon’s versatility.” (p. 44). Describe three different things carbon can do that makes it useful to living things. Can join with other elements: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc. Can join with other carbon atoms to form chains, rings Can form millions of big, complex structures.

2. What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Finish for homework!

18. Use the information from questions 1-17 to fill in the summary table below: CarbohydratesLipidsProteins Elements Categories/Forms Functions Food Sources Google search

3. What chemical elements make up carbohydrates? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about carbohydrates: a. a. Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates. b. b. Living things use them as their main source of energy. c. c. Sugar molecules are made up of starch molecules joined together in chains. d. d. Plants and some animals use them for strength and rigidity.

5. Single sugar molecules are also called __________________ monosaccharides

6. Circle the letter of each monosaccharide. a. galactose b. glycogen c. glucose d. fructose

7. What are polysaccharides? Chain of monosaccharides, bunch of sugars joined together.

8. How do animals and plants store excess sugar? Animals store as glycogen (chain of glucose molecules) in the liver Plants store excess sugar as starch

9. What elements are lipids mostly made of? Carbon and hydrogen (some oxygen too)

10. What are three common categories of lipids? a. ________________ b. ______________ c. _____________ Fats oils waxes

11. Circle the letter of each way that fats are used in living things: a. a. As parts of biological membranes b. b. To store energy c. c. To give plants rigidity d. d. As chemical messengers

12. What elements are nucleic acids made up of? Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

13. What is the function of nucleic acids in living things? Store genetic information, traits passed from parents to offspring.

14. What are two kinds of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA

15. What chemical elements make up proteins? Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

16. Proteins are made of smaller molecules called ____________ amino acids.

17. What are four roles that proteins play in living things? a. ____________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________ c. ________________________________ d. ________________________________ Control rate of chemical reactions (enzymes) Make muscle, bone, cells, and tissues Transport things in and out of cells Help fight diseases (antibodies)

18. Use the information from questions 1-17 to fill in the summary table below: CarbohydratesLipidsProteins Elements Categories/Forms Functions Food Sources Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Starches, sugars Main source of energy Breads, cereals, rice, pasta, potato, dairy Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Fats, oils Store energy Meat, dairy, fried foods Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Enzymes, antibodies, etc. Form cells & tissues, control rates of chem rxns, fight disease Meat, fish, eggs, nuts, dry beans

Ingredients for Life: Carbon watch?v=fXIFDHUr4QE

Questions?

Polymers Monomer = __one____ unit molecule Monomer = __one____ unit molecule Polymer = molecule made of ____many__ units Polymer = molecule made of ____many__ units

Fatty Acids Saturated Saturated Found in animal fats, usually s____________ at room temperature Found in animal fats, usually s____________ at room temperature Unsaturated Unsaturated Found in plants, usually l______________ at room temperature. Found in plants, usually l______________ at room temperature.

Fatty Acids Saturated Saturated Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ at room temperature Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ at room temperature Unsaturated Unsaturated Found in plants, usually l______________ at room temperature. Found in plants, usually l______________ at room temperature.

Fatty Acids Saturated Saturated Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ at room temperature Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ at room temperature Unsaturated Unsaturated Found in plants, usually __liquid______ at room temperature. Found in plants, usually __liquid______ at room temperature.

Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated? _________________________________ _________________________________ Why? ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Why? ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated? ______saturated_________________ ______saturated_________________ Why? ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Why? ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated? ______saturated_________________ ______saturated_________________ Why? ____saturated fats are solid at room temp., easier to form clots and clog arteries.___________________________ _________________________________ Why? ____saturated fats are solid at room temp., easier to form clots and clog arteries.___________________________ _________________________________

Clogged arteries

How do living things use lipids? Fat, storage of energy. Fat, storage of energy. Makes up cell membranes Makes up cell membranes Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes?

They don’t mix with water, keeps membrane from dissolving in water oil water

What foods are good sources of lipids? ______________________________ Meat, dairy, fried foods

Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and n__________. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and n__________. Polymer made up of a______ acids Polymer made up of a______ acids

Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen___. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen___. Polymer made up of a______ acids Polymer made up of a______ acids

Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen___. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen___. Polymer made up of amino__ acids Polymer made up of amino__ acids

Amino Acids: Building Blocks of P____________ 20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins. 20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins.

Amino Acids: Building Blocks of __Proteins_____ 20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins. 20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins.

Amino Acids

How do living things use proteins? 1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive e________________.

How do living things use proteins? 1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive enzymes__________.

How do living things use proteins? 2. Building materials for all cells and tissues, e.g. skin, bone, m___________

How do living things use proteins? 2. Building materials for all cells and tissues, e.g. skin, bone, _muscle______

How do living things use proteins? 3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. h______________ 4. Fight infections, e.g. a______________

How do living things use proteins? 3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. hemoglobin_____ 4. Fight infections, e.g. a______________

How do living things use proteins? 3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. hemoglobin_____ 4. Fight infections, e.g. antibodies_______

How do living things use proteins? 5. Movement, e.g. m_____________ cells

How do living things use proteins? 5. Movement, e.g. muscle________ cells

How do living things use proteins? 6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell m___________________

How do living things use proteins? 6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell _membranes___________

Protein Structure The structure of proteins is fundamental for their function (i.e. what they look like determines what they can do) The structure of proteins is fundamental for their function (i.e. what they look like determines what they can do) Proteins have four levels of structure: Proteins have four levels of structure: Primary (1 st level) Primary (1 st level) Secondary (2 nd level) Secondary (2 nd level) Tertiary (3 rd level) Tertiary (3 rd level) Quaternary (4 th level) Quaternary (4 th level)

Levels of Protein Structure

Primary Structure Order of amino acids joined together in polypeptide chain. Order of amino acids joined together in polypeptide chain. The polypeptide chain below is made up of amino acids glycine, isoleucene, valine, cysteine, etc. bonded together. The polypeptide chain below is made up of amino acids glycine, isoleucene, valine, cysteine, etc. bonded together.

Secondary Structure 2-dimensional folding patterns formed by polypeptide chain. Like what a bunch of string would look like laid flat on a table….. 2-dimensional folding patterns formed by polypeptide chain. Like what a bunch of string would look like laid flat on a table….. α-Helix β-Pleated Sheet

Tertiary Structure 3D structure of polypeptide chain 3D structure of polypeptide chain Like what a coil of copper wire looks like in 3-dimensional space. Like what a coil of copper wire looks like in 3-dimensional space.

Quaternary Structure Sum of all polypeptide chains joined together to form whole protein molecule. Sum of all polypeptide chains joined together to form whole protein molecule. Each different color section = 1 polypeptide Each different color section = 1 polypeptide

What foods are good sources of protein? ______________________________ Meat, poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, eggs, dry beans

Nucleic Acids Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and p____________________ Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and p____________________ Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Most common forms: _____________ and _______________ Most common forms: _____________ and _______________

Nucleic Acids Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus___________ Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus___________ Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Most common forms: _____________ and _______________ Most common forms: _____________ and _______________

Nucleic Acids Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus___________ Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus___________ Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Most common forms: ______DNA____ and ______RNA______ Most common forms: ______DNA____ and ______RNA______

Nucleotides Building blocks of nucleic acids Building blocks of nucleic acids 3 parts: 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar 5 carbon sugar Phosphate group Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Nitrogenous base

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid U_____________ genetic code U_____________ genetic code Genetic blueprint Genetic blueprint Contains info needed to make proteins, to build a new body. Contains info needed to make proteins, to build a new body.

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid Universal_______ genetic code Universal_______ genetic code Genetic blueprint Genetic blueprint Contains info needed to make proteins, to build a new body. Contains info needed to make proteins, to build a new body.

How sugar affects the brain nicole-avena?utm_source=TED- Ed+Subscribers&utm_campaign=6124d2a12a- 2013_09_219_19_2013&utm_medium= &utm_term=0 _1aaccced d2a12a