Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20

I. Chemotherapeutics u A. History –Paul Ehrlich –Structural analogues »1935: Domagk

B. General types of chemotherapeutics u 1. Structural analogues –competitive inhibitors –growth factors

2. Antibiotics u Chemicals secreted by organisms to kill off other organisms u Primarily isolated from

C. Specificity of various antibiotics

III. Sites of interaction u Cell wall u Cell membrane u Essential metabolite biosynthesis u Protein synthesis u DNA replication and transcription

IV. Cell wall inhibitors u A. Penicillin family –Benzylpenicillin

B. Resistance to penicillin

C. Penicillin family: modifications of side chain u Methicillin u Ampicillin u Carbenicillin u Oxacillin

D. Other cell wall growth inhibitors u Cephalosporins u Bacitracin u Vancomycin

V. Inhibitors of protein synthesis u Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides, cont u Tetracyclines u Macrolides

VI. Inhibitors of nucleic acid biosynthesis u Rifamycin u Quinolones

VII. Interaction with plasma membrane

VIII. Viral control u Chemical inhibition u Interferon

IX. Fungal control u Unique membrane components u Folate biosynthesis

u Others block –chitin biosynthesis –nucleic acid biosynthesis –microtubule assembly

X. Drug resistance u Prevent entry u Alter binding site u Inactivate drug

XI. And in the future...