Unit 06 - Overview How We Learn and Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning’s Applications, and Comparison to Classical ConditioningOperant.

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Unit 06 - Overview How We Learn and Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning’s Applications, and Comparison to Classical ConditioningOperant Conditioning’s Applications, and Comparison to Classical Conditioning Biology, Cognition, and Learning Learning By Observation

How Do We Learn? Learning Habituation Stimulus Associative learning –Classical conditioningClassical conditioning –Operant conditioningOperant conditioning –Cognitive learningCognitive learning Observational learning

How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning

How Do We Learn? Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning –Ivan Pavlov –John B. Watson –BehaviorismBehaviorism

Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments Ivan Pavlov –Background –Experimental procedure

Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments Parts of Classical Conditioning –Neutral Stimulus (NS)Neutral Stimulus (NS) –Unconditioned stimulus (US)Unconditioned stimulus (US) –Unconditioned response (UR)Unconditioned response (UR) –Conditioned stimulus (CS)Conditioned stimulus (CS) –Conditioned response (CR)Conditioned response (CR)

Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Acquisition Acquisition Higher-order conditioningHigher-order conditioning

Classical Conditioning Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Extinction

Classical Conditioning Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Spontaneous recovery

Classical Conditioning Generalization Generalization

Classical Conditioning Discrimination Discrimination

Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Legacy: Applications of Classical Conditioning John Watson and Baby Albert

Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning –Respondent behavior Operant conditioning –Actions associated with consequences –Operant behavior

Skinner’s Experiments Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect B.F. Skinner –Behavioral technology –Behavior control

Skinner’s Experiments Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)Operant Chamber Reinforcement

Skinner’s Experiments Shaping Behavior Shaping –Successive approximations –Discriminative stimulusDiscriminative stimulus

Skinner’s Experiments Types of Reinforcers Reinforcer –Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement –Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

Skinner’s Experiments Types of Reinforcers: Primary and Secondary Reinforcers Primary reinforcer Conditioned reinforcer –Secondary reinforcer Immediate vs delayed reinforcers

Skinner’s Experiments Reinforcement Schedules Continuous reinforcement Partial (intermittent) reinforcement Schedules –Fixed-ratio scheduleFixed-ratio schedule –Variable-ratio scheduleVariable-ratio schedule –Fixed-interval scheduleFixed-interval schedule –Variable-interval scheduleVariable-interval schedule

Skinner’s Experiments Punishment Punishment –Positive punishment –Negative punishment

Skinner’s Experiments Punishment Negatives of using punishment

Skinner’s Legacy Controversies surrounding Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

Application of Operant Conditioning At school In sports At home For self- improvement

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Module 29: Biology, Cognition, and Learning

Biological Constraints on Conditioning

Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Classical Conditioning John Garcia –Conditioned Taste Aversion –Biologically primed associations Natural Selection and Learning –Genetic predisposition

Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Classical Conditioning

Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Operant Conditioning Naturally adapting behaviors Instinctive drift

Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Cognitive Processes and Classical Conditioning Predictability of an event –Expectancy Stimulus associations

Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Cognitive Processes and Operant Conditioning Latent learning –Cognitive mapCognitive map Insight Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation

Influences on Conditioning Biological Cognitive

Learning and Personal Control Cope Problem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping

Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness Learned helplessness Who? What?

Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness: Internal Versus External Locus of Control External locus of control Internal locus of control

Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness: Depleting and Strengthening Self-Control Self-control

Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Observational learning –Social learning –ModelingModeling –Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Mirror neurons

Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Cognitive Imitation

Applications of Observational Learning Prosocial versus Antisocial Effects Prosocial effects Antisocial effects