Think of time that you have been exceptionally motivated O What was the context of the behavior? O Think of as many details as possible… O Why were you so motivated at this time?

Think of a time when you were exceptionally unmotivated O What was the context of this behavior? O Think of as many details as possible… O Why were you so unmotivated? O What could have made you more likely to be motivated?

O Complete 8A-2 Hope Scale

Five theories O 1) Hedonic principle: experience pleasure/avoid pain O Very Freudian/psycho analytic O Thanatos/Eros

Five Theories O 2) Instinct Theory— evolutionary/innat e behavior O Rooting instinct

Five theories O 3) Drive Theory –we are motivated to reduce a drive to return to homeostasis...i.e., food, sex, temperature O Hull’s drive reduction theory O What is NOT explained by this theory?

O Watching sad movies O Climbing mountains O Attending college O Read books O Etc... O 8A-3

Five Theories O 4) Arousal Theory— we are driven to experience stimulation—even if we are not hungry, have no desire to mate, and are perfectly physiologically content....we still do stuff.

Five theories O 5) Humanistic Theory: humans strive to obtain self-actualization O Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs O 8A-5

Sports Psychology 5 Key Elements for increased performance

Goal Setting O Why? O DIRECTION O FEEDBACK O SUPPORT O Results in a change in behavior O Training is more productive O Competitive behavior is more focused O Preparation becomes more focused

Relaxation O Anxiety often interferes with performance O Focus negative thoughts toward something else O Preserves energy O Methods: biofeedback, diaphragmatic breathing, mindfulness, meditation, progressive muscle relaxation.

Self-talk O We have a tendency to have negative, unhealthy thought patterns O Self-talk is used to reframe situations

Imagery O Vivid recall of the positive O Remembering mistakes and correcting them with imagination O Counting in your head to regain focus

Concentration O Do nothing for 1 minute… O Preventing distractions O Directs attention to task

Cognitive Factors in Motivation 1) Expectations 2) Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation 3) Fear of Failure 4) Locus of Control 5) Explanatory behaviors 6) Learned Helplessness

Power of Expectations O Reading: “What you expect is what you get”

Instrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation O Instrinsic O Internal O Motivated by personal rewards O Extrinsic O Motivated by external factors O i.e., grades, trophies, recognition, titles, etc…

Fear of Failure O Stems from the need to belong O Hand-out 8A-13

Locus of Control O Internal O Reading: 40 Studies O Sense of personal action O Have the capacity to influence events O External O Sense of helplessness O Good things are not tied to behavior O Pawns of fate O Believe in ability to influence events

Explanatory Behaviors O ANSIE SCALE O Global/Specific O Stable/Unstable O Internal/External

Learned Helplessness O 40 Study—Seligman