Black Rock Forest, New York - www.blackrockforest.org Kim J. Brown, LDEO - Columbia Forest Sensitivity Workshop, NH Black Rock Investigators: W. Schuster,

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Black Rock Forest, New York - Kim J. Brown, LDEO - Columbia Forest Sensitivity Workshop, NH Black Rock Investigators: W. Schuster, Black Rock Forest J. Simpson, LDEO - Columbia K. Griffin, LDEO - Columbia A 1500 ha (non-profit) preserve dedicated to scientific research, education, and conservation of the natural ecosystem that once covered this entire region. Photo: K. Brown

Land-use history - Lightly settled in the 1700’s and 1800’s, < 50% cleared for agriculture, woodlots repeatedly cut for fuel, regrowth beginning in late 1800’s, stands <120 years old, became a forest experiment station in Geology - Bedrock: Precambrian granite gneiss, granite, amphibolites, and iron ores (magnitite) Surficial: Glacial till ranging from 0 to 10 m thickness Soils - Hollis – Rock outcrop: moderately steep, well drained, medium textured soils over schist, granite, and gneiss. Vegetation - Oak (formerly oak-chestnut), some mixed hardwoods, northern hardwoods, hemlock 734 stems ha -1, 21 m 2 ha -1 basal area Black Rock Forest, NY - Site Characteristics Photo: BRF

Black Rock Forest, NY - Key research themes I. What are the input-output budgets for critical chemical species at BRF? Wet deposition only, SO4: 10.1 kg/ha/yr NO3: 4.7 kg/ha/yr NH4: 1.9 kg/ha/yr Dry deposition more difficult to obtain Approach: SO 4 budget by difference (assuming minimal SO 4 in biological pools) [Dry SO 4 ] = Streamflow SO 4 flux- [wet deposition SO 4 ] Photo: K. Griffin Photo: BRF

II. What are the interactions of BRF forest communities with ecosystem carbon, nutrient, and hydrologic budgets? Studies of carbon pools (LDEO, NYU) Paleo analyses of soil carbon storage Carbon storage in tree boles, Leaf area index + litter measures, 2000 Studies of carbon fluxes (LDEO) Canopy photosynthesis in Q. rubra, Q. prinus, A. rubrum Canopy (leaf) and woody respiration in Q. rubra, Q. prinus, A. rubrum Soil respiration Photos: K. Griffin

Vapor Pressure Deficit (MPa) Sap Flow Density; Stream Gauge Height (m) II. What are the interactions of BRF forest communities with ecosystem carbon, nutrient, and hydrologic budgets? Granier-type sap flow sensors Measures of Q. rubra water usage, soil moisture, microclimate, stream flow model Quantify forest contribution to ecosystem water balance Photo: K. Griffin

III. How have the plant and animal communities, and ecosystem processes, changed at BRF over various time scales? Invasive species: Quantification of invasive plants Physiological investigations of plant construction costs (purple loosetrife, Japanese barberry) (LDEO) Paleoecology studies: Pollen and macrofossil reconstructions of vegetation from cores from Sutherland pond and Cascade wetlands (LDEO, NYU) Floristic inventory of Black Rock Forest and GIS mapping of plant resources (AMNH) Hemlock decline ƒ: woolly adelgid invasion (Fordham) Photo: J. Nagel

III. How have the plant and animal communities, and ecosystem processes, changed at BRF over various time scales? Invertebrates Spider biodiversity inventory at BRF (AMNH) Road intensity and necrophage biodiversity (CERC -Columbia) Woolly adelgid impacts on arthropod biodiversity (CERC) Mammals Coyote demographics in New York (CERC) Parasites and raccoon social structure (CERC) Avian Mixed species flock formation (CERC) Photos: Tree of Life

Black Rock Forest, New York - Consortium members, including: Colleges, universities, public and private K-12 schools, museums and botanical gardens Photo: K.Brown