Non-violent Protests Sit-ins, 1960 Freedom rides, 1961 How did Blacks attempt to bring about change between 1955 and 1965?

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How successful were ‘Sit-ins’ and ‘Freedom Rides’ as campaign methods?
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Non-violent Protests Sit-ins, 1960 Freedom rides, 1961 How did Blacks attempt to bring about change between 1955 and 1965?

Greensboro sit-in David Richmond, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair, Joseph McNeil, are seen leaving the Woolworth store on February 1, (The ‘Greensboro Four’) Sit-down strike staged after being refused service at an F.W. Woolworth luncheon counter, Greensboro, N.C

Woolworths lunch counter, Jackson, MS Montgomery Trailways Station, 28 May 1961

Freedom Rides

The rides become violent

Vicious attacks Freedom riders faced beatings, ambush and firebombs John Lewis and Jim Zwerg after being beaten

Outcomes Sit-ins had limited success – desegregated lunch counters in upper South, Texas and Atlantic coastal states By November 1961 Interstate Commerce Commission issued new regulations to desegregate bus terminals JFK included civil rights platform in his campaign and promised end to discrimination if elected Before election JFK and Robert Kennedy helped to release MLK Jr from jail – JFK gained ¾ of Negro vote Freedom rides and sit-ins put political pressure on Congress resulting in 1960 Civil Rights Act

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