Social Sciences and Medicine: Health can not be isolated from its social context. Social, cultural, educational, economic, political, religious factors have a direct bearing on the incidence, prevalence, course and outcome of a wide variety of all diseases and health problems.

The patient is no longer considered as one who is under strict laboratory control (i.e. not a lab animal or a case) but, an individual with personal characteristics, variable habits, customs and beliefs all are reacting on his body and mind. *Good doctors are being identified as those who treat people, and bad doctors as those who treat cases.

Definition of terms: Society: an organization of member agents. It is a system of social relationships between individuals. Community: The people living in a particular place or region and usually linked by common interests. So it is a social group determined by geographical boundaries and or common values of interests.

Social Structure → anatomy Social Organization → physiology

Socialism: Any economic policy that favors the use of belongings and resources of the country for the public welfare. It is a system of production and distribution based on social ownership for raising the living standard of the working class (motto here is "all for all" and "each for all"). Capitalism: which is based on private ownership of the means of the production and aims at maximum private profit at the expense of the working class (motto here "all for each" and "each for each").

Socialization: The process by which an individual gradually acquires culture (beliefs, customs, traditions and prejudices) and becomes a member of a social group. It includes 2 parts: Primary socialization: When a child first grow and be a member of his family, some of these beliefs and customs may be dangerous to his health as smoking, and hysteria. * Since the primary socialization is started in the family, so it could be the first step in the solution of every personal problem.

Secondary socialization: A process which operates through a person whole life i.e. when being a member of a new group or society as being a doctor (may be + or -)

Norms of Society: the standard of behavior expected from a person by their social group. Deviance: departure from accepted behaviors and it includes any thing from bad table manner to murder.

Social Control Mechanism: In every society, there are rules, formal (laws of enactment and parliament) and informal for maintenance of relationships of authority and subordination.

Authority: is the power of influence which some people have over the others which is generally accepted. It is of different types as Traditional authority (e.g. the father in the family). Bureaucratic authority (e.g. the dean of college). Charismatic authority (e.g. the religious leader). Professional authority (e.g. the senior in a hospital).

Culture: man largely is the product of his cultural environment. It is transmitted from one generation to another through learning process, formal and informal. Race: When population differentiated according to certain biological characteristics only. Ethnics: When population differentiated according to certain cultural aspect of racial groups.

Definition of Culture: the organization of shared experience which determine our patterns of thinking and feeling, it is socially learned, shared and reinforced. It guides our daily behavior (we recognize the situation and behave automatically).

Social Psychology: Definition of psychology: "The study of human behavior- of how people behave and why they behave in just the way they do". Psychiatrists: are persons trained in medicine and psychology. * So psychology includes every aspects of human life and every type of human relation.

Healthy behavior: Refers to those activities people undertake (1) to avoid disease and (2) to detect asymptomatic infections (or diseases) through appropriate screening test. e.g. The use of condoms and routine lab check.

Illness behaviors: "How people react to illness". Generally people wait and symptoms, if persist, then they tend to (1) take home remedy, or (2) take advice of folk medicine, or (3) ask help of modern medicine. Treatment behavior: “Those activities used to cure diseases and restore health“ It is important that patient should seek medical advice, take drugs as prescribed, and return to test for cure.

Behaviors in general are responses (results) for certain causes (stimuli), the goal of psychology is to find relations between stimuli and responses. Causes: 1. Environmental stimuli: as sight, smell and touch. 2. Emotions and feelings: as anger, joy and hunger. 3. Needs: as eat, drink and dress. 4. Motivations: " inner force which drives an individual to a certain action" as success in the examination, to have a wealth. 5. Intellectual perception: perception, thinking and reasoning.

Behaviors in general are responses (results) for certain causes (stimuli), the goal of psychology is to find relations between stimuli and responses. Responses: 1. Physical responses : as habits, skills. 2. Organic responses: as emotions, feelings and tensions. 3. Intellectual responses: as perceptions, thinking and reasoning.

Emotions: "is a strong feeling of the whole organism" and it motivates human behavior. It is characterized by: 1. External change: Apparent, and easily seen by others as facial expression (angry, happy etc) and posture. 2. Internal change: Physiological changes evoked by psychological action (as ↑ Bp, rapid pulse, tension and pain) usually transient and subsides when patient return to "normal".

Anxiety: May manifest as increase in pulse, breathing, flushing etc. Patients admitted to hospital are usually anxious, and under tension so doctor must understand patients anxiety and give him reassurance. * A kind word from the doctor like a magic and gives the patient considerable relief from emotional anxiety.

Control of emotion: A well adjusted and mentally healthy person is one who is able to keep his emotions under control. The following tips may help in controlling one's emotions: 1. Cultivate hobbies, good habits of reading and recreations. 2. Adopt a philosophy for life in order to adopt mental conflicts. 3. Try to understand your own limitations. 4. Develop a sense of humor.

Motivation: "Inner force which drives an individual into certain action". It also determines human behavior. May be positive "the carrot" or negative "the stick“, both, the carrot and the stick, may “formal” or “informal”. With out motivation behavioral changes can not be expected to take place. A motivated person acts willingly and knowingly.

Cultivation of good (healthy) habits is desirable and it is at Primordial prevention level. Principles involved in habit formation are: 1. Should begins early in childhood before formation of unwanted habits. 2. Should use frequent repetition model. 3. Should take time to be formed, not overnight. 4. Should be a strong emotional stimuli. 5. Good habits kills bad habits, The best way to wash the bad habit is by cultivating good's one. * Habits build up human personality, and man should not become a slave to his habits, he should remain master.

Frustrations: When people are unable to meet their needs and desires they feel frustrated. The source of frustration may be external as unemployment, or internal as low I.Q. * Frustrations may enhances the person to work hardly in order to overcome the failure, or may lead a person to change his goals, or if continue may damage the person's personality.

Mental defense mechanisms: 1. Rationalization. 2. Projection. 3. Compensation. 4. Escape mechanism. 5. Displacement. 6. Regression. * A mentally healthy person, will not use mental defense mechanisms for achieving success or happiness.