AP Euro Today Outcome: Why did France have a revolution in the early 19 th Century, but not England? Opener: “England in 1819,” and the problem of “Rotten Boroughs.” Listen for your directions. Mini-lecture: The July 1830 Revolution in France. HW:

Is this Romantic Painting weltgeist or volkgeist?

Marianne

The “July Days,” 1830

1. The Bourbons Return: King Louis XVIII 1. The Bourbons Return: King Louis XVIII

You’ve just read about one example of the flexibility of the English political system Reform Bill of 1832: “Rotten Boroughs” eliminated. Other examples: 1828: Catholic Emancipation Act allows Catholic MPs 1833 Factory Act: Limits work hours for children 1846: “Corn Laws” are repealed.

The French system proves to be inflexible Why? Maybe it’s a legacy of you-know-who? And a fear, on the part of the powerful, of you-know-what!

So, France’s Charter of 1814 Establishes a constitutional monarchy—but one that grants the vote, or suffrage, only to the very wealthy. It’s very conservative. Bonjour. I am rich! And my hoosband can vote, oui?

Voters who live in homes like this aren’t going to want political change.

The New Constitutional Monarch is Louis XVIII Like his big brother, Louis XVI, he’s not a strong or resourceful ruler. His nickname is “Louis the Unavoidable.” And, he’s not too…

But at least France has a constitutional monarchy… And Louis XVIII is generally a popular monarch, especially since France, with the Napoleonic Wars finally over, is entering a period of economic growth, and in the very early stages of its own Industrial Revolution. Charles is friendly toward this kind of progress.

But the party that dominates the French legislature is called the Ultras, and these guys… These are reactionaries, and the ir leader is the Comte d’Artois, Louis’ younger brother. They yearn for the good old days of the ancien regime — when you could run over an occasional peasant kid with your carriage.

And, again, it’s the Ultras who control the Chamber of Deputies, or Chambre—France’s legislature under the Charter of 1814.

The minority party, reformers called the Liberals, is tiny…

In 1820, Louis XVIII’s nephew, the Duc de Berry, is assassinated by a crazy person—a mad saddler, in fact This shocks Louis XVIII. For the last four years of his reign, he, too becomes a reactionary.

Evidence of Louis’ reactionary turn? In 1823, it is France that will intervene to crush a liberal revolution in Spain. This British cartoon satirizes Louis’ military talents—and, even more, his love of food.

In 1824, Louis dies… And will be succeeded by his brother, Artois—the leader of the Ultras--who assumes the name Charles X. We go from reactionary to reactionarier.* *Not really a word. I just liked it.

2. The Reactionary(-er) Rule of Charles X

What does Charles’s coronation coach tell you about his view of political power?

He’s crowned at Reims, where French kings had been crowned during the Middle Ages…

Charles and the Dove Problem.

The early part ( ) of Charles X’s reign was relatively peaceful He and the Ultras did pass a law which compensated noble families who’d lost their land in the Revolution. It cost the government millions.

The turning point, when Charles becomes a tyrant… …begins when France, from 1827, is visited with harvests even worse than those of the —the “Revolution Harvests”: Rural poverty generates a national depression

A stunning change As a result, Liberal deputies begin to take away control of the Chambre from the Ultras: 17 were elected in 1824— 180 were elected in 1827, then 274 in 1830!

The Liberals demand:  A broader suffrage, or franchise  A lowering of tariffs on food imported from abroad—like England’s repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846  Meanwhile…

They are aided—and the King is attacked--by increasingly radical Parisian newspapers…

In response to the threat, Charles issues the July Ordinances 1. T he Chamber is dissolved 2. T he Press is censored

This what Charles does to the hopes of the French people

3. The fit hits the Champs: The July Days, 1830

On July 25, 1830, the Ordinances are promulgated: Paris explodes! How are the July Ordinances an example of Crane Brinton’s J- Curve?

To the barricades! July 26-30, 1830

Charles sends troops to put down the “rioting” over the July Ordinances.

“This is no riot, Sire,” his army commander reports. “It is a revolution.”

Charles abdicates on July 30

The Chambre will choose a new King, the liberal Duc d’Orleans, a royal cousin In this painting, Orleans greets his supporters as street fighting ends in Paris, July 30, 1830.

Orleans becomes King Louis- Philippe A pro-capitalist “Bourgeois King,” Louis will rule until 1848 The motto of his reign: Get Rich! (Enrichez-vous!)

So, for the next eighteen years… France will start to catch up with its neighbors in industrialization and modernization.

Thursday: The Revolutions of 1848

Can you tell me…? How suffrage—the right to vote-- under the Charter of 1814 meant that France’s monarchy was VERY conservative? The two political parties who fought for power in the French Chamber of Deputies? The psychological impact of the assassination of the Duc de Berry?

Can you tell me…? What were the “July Ordinances?” The July Ordinances followed the Liberals getting a majority in the Chamber. How does this show the “J-Curve?” Who was Louis-Philippe, and why France would grow economically during his reign ( )?