Chapters 22 and 23 Chapter 22 Human reproductive systems Chapter 23 Human growth and development

Male Reproductive System Testes – Locate in _ – Location of _ – Suspended by _

Descent of Testes Fetal location: _ Will descend about a _ Stimulated to descend by _

Descent of Testes Gubernaculum (a cord) aids in the movement. Pathway: pass from __________________________________ through the _________________________________ and enters the _

Failure to Descend Cryptorchidism: If left untreated, temperature is too high to create effective sperm. Male is sterile

Testes Tunica albuginea: _ Lobule: _ __________________________________: lie in between spaces of the seminiferous tubules –

Formation of sperm cells Sustentacular cells: Sertoli’s cells – Spermatagonia: – The ___________________________________ that is divided for sperm production. – Has 46 chromosomes

Male meiosis Spermatagonia stimulated by hormones to divide – – Occurs in _ – Division stops _

Male meiosis At puberty, _________________________ secretion rises Primary spermatocyte – Each secondary spermatocytes divide into two spermatids End result is _____________________________________ with half the chromosomal information as the spermatagonia

Male meiosis Spermatids _ Movement: more immature stages near outer edges of seminiferous tubules. _

Spermatogenesis Occurs _ From the seminiferous tubules,

Sperm cell Head – – _________________co ntains enzymes Midpiece – Tail – Microtubules

Epididymis Will become _ Non-motile _ _____________________________ moves sperm from testes to epididymis Epididymis provides nurturing environment for sperm

Vas Deferens Also called _ Is a muscular tube – Travels through _ – Enters the _ – Passes into the _ – Ends _

Vas Deferens Ends behind bladder Outside the prostate gland, _ join to form _ Passes through the _

Seminal Vesicle Adds to the ____________________________ discharged from the vas deferens. secretes an _ – helps to regulate the ________of the tubular contents contains _ – provides__________________________ to the sperm cells

Seminal Vesicle prostaglandin – – Helps the movement of the sperm cells _

Prostate Gland Surrounds the _ ducts open into the urethra secretes a _ an ____________________________ secretion – _______________________________, which is acidic. – enhances the _ –

Bulbourethral Gland Also known as _ inferior to the prostate gland secretes a _ Released in response to sexual stimulation. –

Semen Consists of – Semen is slightly _

Capacitation protein-splitting enzymes are released from _ allow the sperm to penetrate. Fertilization is only successful if the acrosome reaction takes place at the right time, that is _

External Reproductive Organs ______________________________: – pouch of skin, divided in two, houses the testis and epididymis. Penis: – conveys urine and semen through the urethra

Penis Shaft or body of the penis is composed of _ – ________________________________ of corpora cavernosa – single _

Sexual Stimulation __________________________________ nerve impulse from the sacral portion of the spinal cord release _________________________________ Causes _ increased blood flow into the erectile tissues.

Sexual Stimulation Pressure of arterial blood _ Blood accumulates in the erectile tissues penis swells and elongates resulting in an erection.

Male Orgasm physiological and psychological release. – Includes emission and ejaculation Emission: – sperm cells _ – __________________________________________ secrete into the urethra. – Due to response of ________________________________________ impulses. – Stimulates peristaltic contractions in the smooth muscles. Sympathetic impulses also influence seminal vesicles and prostate gland

Male orgasm erectile columns of the penis _ forces the semen through the urethra to the outside. –

Male Orgasm After ejaculation __________________________________ constrict arteries and _ Veins of penis carry away the _

Male Hormones Hormones secreted by the ________________________________ control male reproductive function. GnRH – – from _ – Effects the _ – Response is for anterior pituitary to secrete _

Gonadotropins LH – LH is ICSH in males, – ICSH promotes _ – Interstitial cells secrete _

Gonadotropins FSH FSH stimulates sustentacular cells of seminiferous tubule – to _

FSH plus Testosterone – In the presence of ____________________________________, the cells stimulate the spermatogenic cells to undergo _

Inhibin – Sustentacular cells also secrete a hormone called _ __________________________________ the __________________________________gland by negative feedback prevents the _

LH: (ICSH) ______________: stimulates sustentacular cells to grow and respond to testosterone Inhibin:

Male Sex hormones Androgens: Male sex hormones – Produced by the ___________________________________ of the testes, – small amounts are synthesized in the _

Testosterone Testosterone: most abundant androgen. – Secreted by interstitial cells – – stimulates the cells of the _ Androgen molecules are _

Male Sex Characteristics __________________________ sex characteristics: – Enlargement of the ____________________________ during puberty and the accessory organs. ________________________ sex characteristics: – features

Secondary sex characteristics – 1. – 2. Enlargement of ____________________________________ : lowers the pitch of the voice. – 3. Thickening of the skin – 4. broadened shoulders and narrowed waist – 5. Thickening and strengthening _

Female Reproductive System ______________________ sex organs: – produce _______________________________ and sex hormones. Located in _______________________ on each side of the pelvic cavity. Structure: subdivided into _ –

Ovary Structure – loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers. – has several million cells that are _ – consists of a ________________________ called a primary oocyte _

Ovarian Cortex Primary oocytes begin _ then halts _ From puberty on, the number decreases. Primary oocytes are stimulated to continue meiosis. The end products will have 23 chromosomes.

Oogenesis – relatively large. _ – If fertilized, generates a second ________________________ and a _ First polar body: small – Function of polar bodies: – ____________________________________ Egg will have lots of cytoplasm and organelles to through the first stages of growth