Bacteria Structure, Reproduction and Recombination NICK TAMARO, CONNOR KEEFER, ALEXA MARQUIS, SLADE PFENDNER

 How Bacteria obtains energy  The differences between Obligate anaerobes, Facultative anaerobes, and Obligate aerobes  How bacterial cell reproduce  Genetic recombination and why it is important  Three major types of bacterial recombination  How bacteria can develop resistance to drugs

Types of Bacterial recombination  There are three main types of bacterial recombination  conjugation  transformation  transduction

Conjugation: the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells that go from cell to cell  involves the exchange to genes  genetic information is often helpful to the receiver  sends substances that other cells  can absorb and use for growing

Transformation: the genetic change of a cell resulting from the use of relating genetic material from its surroundings and is taken through the cell membrane  can be effected by artificial means in other cells  used to describe the insertion of new genetic material in non bacterial cells

Transduction: the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another by a virus  doesn’t require contact between the cell donating the DNA and the cell receiving the DNA  transfers DNA between cells

Obligate Anaerobes  Obligate anaerobes are microorganism that are killed normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen  The oxygen poisons the anaerobe  They do not need oxygen to survive

Facultative anaerobes  An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present  Is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent  Certain Eukaryotes are Facultative anaerobes like Fungi

Obligate Aerobes  An organism that requires energy to grow  Through cellular respiration these organisms use oxygen to metabolize substances.  Examples being sugars and fats

How bacteria can develop resistance to drugs  Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria changes in some way  The drugs get reduced or eliminated in their effectiveness  The bacteria continue to multiply causing more harm

Reproduction: Binary Fission: Binary Fission: Bacteria grows double in size Replicates DNA Divides in half Makes 2 identical Daughter Cells

Reproduction : Binary Fission  Common in Prokaryotes  Occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes  Asexual reproduction

Genetic Recombination  Production of offspring  Combinations of traits that differ from parents  Exchange of 2 homologous chromosomes  Most are naturally occurring

Genetic Recombination  Leads to a lot of genetic information  Information passed on from parents  During meiosis for eukaryotes

Bacteria obtains energy  Obtains energy by producing its own food  Digests other organisms  Digests organic compounds

Photoheterotrophs  An organism that depends on light for most of its energy and on organic compounds for its carbon  Needs direct sunlight  Feeding on living organisms

Photoautotrophs  Converts inorganic things into organic material in cellular functions  Uses respiration to provide nutrition for other forms of life  They include the plants, algae and certain protists bacteria

Chemoautotroph and Chemoheterotrophs  Obtain energy from chemical energy  Cannot use solar energy  Make their own food

 How Bacteria obtains energy  The differences between Obligate anaerobes, Facultative anaerobes, and Obligate aerobes  How bacterial cell reproduce  Genetic recombination and why it is important  Three major types of bacterial recombination  How bacteria can develop resistance to drugs