AP Biology Endocrine Systems

Important concepts from previous units: 1) The Signal Transduction Pathway has three part – 1) Reception, 2) Transduction, 3) Response 2) A ligand is a generic term for a chemical messenger molecule or a form of stimulus energy. 3) Cells can amplify a signal using the kinase cascade system.

Signal Transduction Pathway

Kinases “turn on” processes Phosphotases “turn off” processes

I. Hormone – This is a chemical produced in one part of the body and travels to another part of the body to have an effect. A. Target tissue – This is where the hormone travels to. (The target cells have the special proteins receptors “hands”.)

Basic Hormone Pattern Target effectors Response Simple endocrine pathway Glycogen breakdown, glucose release into blood Liver Blood vessel Pancreas secretes glucagon ( ) Endocrine cell Low blood glucose Receptor protein Stimulus Pathway Example

Remember the “hands” on cell membranes? (In GREEN)

II. Three parts to the hormonal system of communication: A. Exocrine – The hormone substance is put into a duct or tube to travel to another body part. B. Endocrine – The hormone substance is put into the blood to travel to another body part. C. Neurosecretory – Neurons that can also release hormones - such as the Pituitary gland and Hypothalamus.

LE 45-7 Mammary glands, uterine muscles Hypothalamus Kidney tubules Oxytocin HORMONE TARGET ADH Posterior pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Anterior pituitary

III. Local Hormones – These hormones travel in small localized areas. A. Growth Factors – These are hormones that cause cell replication. They are used for “normal” growing or repair. B. Nitric Oxide (NO) – If from neuron – Acts as neurotransmitter to inhibit a process. - If from WBC – Kills cell or pathogen. - If from endothelium of blood vessel – Causes surrounding smooth muscle to dilate (relax). C. Prostaglandins – These hormones helps with inflammatory response and muscle contraction. D. Cytokines – Relay messages between WBC’s about pathogens. For example, Interleukin 1(IL-1) or Interleukin 2 (IL-2).

Cytokines IL 1 – Macrophage to Helper T IL2 – Helper T to B or Cytotoxic T

IV. Hormone reception by cells: A. Ligand (hormone) attaching to the membrane receptor proteins causes a signal-transduction pathway to begin. 1. If the pathway ends in the cytoplasm – turned on/off an enzyme. 2. If the pathway ends in the nucleus – turned on/off transcription. B. Steroid hormones go through the phospholipid bilayer portion of the membrane to find its receptor protein in the cytoplasm. They do not need secondary messengers. Most are Transcription activators.

Polar versus Non-polar Hormone Signal Reception SECRETORY CELL Hormone molecule Signal receptor VIA BLOOD VIA BLOOD TARGET CELL TARGET CELL Signal transduction pathway OR Cytoplasmic response DNA NUCLEUS Nuclear response Receptor in plasma membraneReceptor in cell nucleus DNA NUCLEUS mRNA Synthesis of specific proteins Signal transduction and response Signal receptor Hormone molecule SECRETORY CELL

V. Hormonal control mechanisms: A. Negative feedback loops – These stop a process already occurring and get it going in the opposite direction. B. Positive feedback loops – These enhance a process that is already occurring.

Examples of Negative Feedback Loops Hypothalamus TRH Anterior pituitary TSH Thyroid T3T3 T4T4

Positive Feedback Loop

VI. Tropic hormones – These are hormones that affect other endocrine glands causing the release of secondary hormone. Major Endocrine Glands Of the Human Body VII. Hypothalamus gland - This is the master control gland of homeostasis. A. It controls the majority of the homeostasitc mechanisms in our body. B. Uses releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones as messengers. These affect the pituitary gland – second in command

Tropic Hormones of the PosteriorPituitary Mammary glands, uterine muscles Hypothalamus Kidney tubules Oxytocin HORMONE TARGET ADH Posterior pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Anterior pituitary

VIII. Pituitary Gland - This is the second in charge in control of homeostasis. A. This gland is affected by Hypothalamus Hormones. 1. Releasing hormones—Starts a process. 2. Inhibiting hormones —Stops a process that is occurring. B. Two Parts of the Pituitary Gland: 1. Anterior - Arises from the Adenohypothesis… muscle tissue of the mouth. 2. Posterior - Arises from the Neurohypothesis… neuron tissue of the brain.

Tropic Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Portal vessels Pituitary hormones (blue dots) Pain receptors in the brain EndorphinGrowth hormone Bones Liver MSH Melanocytes Prolactin Mammary glands ACTH Adrenal cortex TSH Thyroid Testes or ovaries FSH and LH TARGET HORMONE Hypothalamic releasing hormones (red dots) Tropic Effects Only FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone LH, luteinizing hormone TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone Nontropic Effects Only Prolactin MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone Endorphin Nontropic and Tropic Effects Growth hormone