ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART B Cells and Tissues

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Adapted to fit our curriculum

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Introduction  JvQ&feature=fvwrel JvQ&feature=fvwrel

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport  Membrane Transport – movement of substance into and out of the cell  Transport is by two basic methods  Passive transport  No energy is required  Active transport  The cell must provide metabolic energy

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Solutions and Transport  Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more components  Solvent – dissolving medium  Solutes – components in smaller quantities within a solution  Intracellular fluid – nucleoplasm and cytosol  Interstitial fluid – fluid on the exterior of the cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Selective Permeability  The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others  This permeability includes movement into and out of the cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Passive Transport Processes  Diffusion  Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution  Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient DIFFUSION ANIMATION Figure 3.9 PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diffusion animation  hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/cha pter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/cha pter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Passive Transport Processes  Types of diffusion  Simple diffusion  Unassisted process  Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Passive Transport Processes  Types of diffusion  Osmosis – simple diffusion of water  Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane  Facilitated diffusion  Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osmosis and Tonicity Animation  hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/cha pter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/cha pter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Tonicity and Osmotic Pressure  Solute concentrations of the cellular environment are very important  Osmotic pressure: tendency of a solution to pull water into it  Directly related to concentration of solutes in solution (the higher the solute concentration, the greater the osmotic pressure and the stronger the tendency of water to move into the solution)

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Tonicity  See Poster

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diffusion through the Plasma Membrane Figure 3.10

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facilitated Diffusion Animation  hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/cha pter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_ works.html hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/cha pter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_ works.html

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Passive Transport Processes  Filtration  Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure  A pressure gradient must exist  Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Active Transport Processes  Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion  They may be too large  They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane  They may have to move against a concentration gradient  Energy is required  Two common forms of active transport  Solute pumping  Bulk transport

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Active Transport Processes  Solute pumping  Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by solute pumps  ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradients ACTIVE TRANSPORT ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sodium Potassium Pump Animation  hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/cha pter2/animation__how_the_sodium_potassiu m_pump_works.html hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/cha pter2/animation__how_the_sodium_potassiu m_pump_works.html

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Active Transport Processes  Bulk transport  Exocytosis  Moves materials out of the cell  Material is carried in a membranous vesicle  Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane  Vesicle combines with plasma membrane  Material is emptied to the outside

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exocytosis Figure 3.12a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Active Transport Processes  Bulk transport  Endocytosis  Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle  Types of endocytosis  Phagocytosis – cell eating  Pinocytosis – cell drinking

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exocytosis and Endocytosis  hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::53 5::535::/sites/dl/free/ /120068/bio 02.swf::Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::53 5::535::/sites/dl/free/ /120068/bio 02.swf::Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis