QUIET BHs in GALACTIC NUCLEI Random motions of stars –measure random speeds, look for cusps –example: Milky Way nucleus, M87 Organized rotation of stars.

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Presentation transcript:

QUIET BHs in GALACTIC NUCLEI Random motions of stars –measure random speeds, look for cusps –example: Milky Way nucleus, M87 Organized rotation of stars –example: Andromeda Galaxy (30 million ) Rotation of gas clouds –example: M87 Disk traced in masers –example: NGC 4258 (36 million )

ANDROMEDA GALAXY - M31 BH mass: 30 million Suns M32: BH=3million

ANDROMEDA GALAXY - M31 Estimated BH mass: 30 million solar masses

SOMBRERO GALAXY - 1/2 billion solar masses “Sombrero” Galaxy

M billion solar masses

NGC 4258 BH = 36 million Suns MOST ACCURATE MEASUREMENT:

MASER= M icrowave A mplification by S timulated E mission of R adiation

MASERS IN NGC 4258

NGC 4258: 36 million solar masses

IS BH MASS RELATED TO GALAXY BULGE MASS? Claim: Is this correlation real or an artifact of observational limitations?

WHY QUIET? Need supply of gas for activity –need ~ 1 solar mass/yr for quasar/luminous Seyfert Probably comes from: –interstellar “debris” –gas “dumped” into nucleus during galaxy mergers Gas more plentiful in early stages of galaxy evolution? –Accounts for prevalence of quasars at high redshift?

THE MILKY WAY million solar masses Infrared picture of the Galaxy’s Center (Genzel et al., Germany) From Ghez et al Prof. Andrea Ghez, UCLA

SgrA* Chandra image (2/00)

ENERGY CHAIN IS BROKEN: GRAVITY MOTION HEAT RADIATION (X-rays, UV…) matter swirling inward friction

THE NEW ENERGY CHAIN: GRAVITY MOTION HEAT

Are black holes fussy eaters?

ISSUES OF BH FORMATION/GROWTH Insignificant growth once formed? Did BHs and galaxies form together? Infrequent major mergers? rapid spin or Frequent minor mergers? slow spin Grow by swallowing gas? luminous (Were all galaxies once quasars?) or Grow by swallowing stars? less luminous?

BLACK HOLE BINARIES Galaxy mergers black hole binaries How long does it take them to merge? Do we see any galaxies with two active nuclei?

FLARES FROM TIDALLY SHREDDED STARS Must occur for BHs < a billion solar masses –more massive stars swallowed whole Estimate once per 10,000 yrs for Milky Way nucleus conditions We should “see” one per year if we study more than 10,000 MW-like galaxies –… but what do they look like?

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