AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes.

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AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR INTRODUCTION January 2013 Active Devices Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes

AGENDA Diodes TRANSISTORS/FETS TUBES QUESTIONS

SEMICONDUCTORS VERY STABLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE SILICON & GERMANIUM MOST COMMON SILCON ATOMS SHARE VALENCE ELECTRONS (8 ELECTRONS) CAN BE GOOD INSULATOR INTRINSIC- PURE MATERIAL, NO FREE CHARGE CARRIERS EXTRINSIC – MATERIAL DOPED WITH EXTRA CARRIERS

DOPING

JUNCTIONS N TYPE – EXTRA ELECTRON (- CHARGE) P TYPE – MISSING ELECTRON (+ CHARGE) PN JUNCTION

DEPLETION ZONE

PN JUNCTION

FORWARD BIAS

DIODES 2 TERMINAL PN JUNCTION ANODE – P CATHODE - N

Diodes (i-v curves)

Diodes

DIODE APPLICATIONS SWITCH RECTIFICATION DEMODULATION REGULATION LIGHT EMITTING (LED)

RECTIFIERS

ZENER DIODES Used to regulate voltages Behaves normally when forward biased When reversed biased, non destructive voltage breakdown

ZENER Voltage

ZENER Regulation

TRANSISTORS 3 TERMINAL DEVICE 2 JUNCTIONS P-N-P N-P-N ALSO KNOWN AS “BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR” BASE CURRENT CONTROLS EMITTER/COLLECTOR CURRENT

NPN TRANSISTOR

PNP TRANSISTOR

FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR TWO TYPES JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT or JFET METAL OXIDE SILICON FIELD EFFECT or MOSFET A CONDUCTIVE CHANNEL WITH 2 JUNCTIONS N-CHANNEL P-CHANNEL

FETS

TRANSISTOR - FET EMITTER, BASE, COLLECTOR FOR BIAS INCREASES CURRENT CURRENT CONTROLS LOW INPUT Z SOURCE, GATE, DRAIN REV BIAS DECREASES CURRENT VOLTAGE CONTROLS HIGH INPUT Z

VACUUM TUBES Developed in late 1800’s and early 1900’s Still used in applications requiring high power or high voltages (power amplifiers)

Tube Construction Thermionic emission Filament (Heater) used to heat cathode Cathode made of tungsten and thorium Heated cathode emits an electron cloud Positive potential placed on Plate (Anode) to attract electrons Negative potential Grid used to control electron flow

Vacuum Diode

Vacuum Triode

Tubes – Take Aways Grid current – minimal or zero as long as Grid is negative relative to cathode Grid is usually a mesh Grid is closer to cathode Heater is farthest from Plate Used in high power applications Inside of envelope is a vacuum

Tubes, transistors, FETS TubesTransistorsFETS Charge Source CathodeEmitterSource Control Terminal GridBaseGate Charge Collector Plate (Anode) CollectorDrain ControlVoltageCurrentVoltage

AMPLIFICATION Produce an output which is an enlarged reproduction of the input. Device is called an AMPLIFIER An accurate reproduction is called “LINEAR” Imperfections in reproduction are called “DISTORTION” Tubes, Transistors, and FETs can all be amplifiers. Typically gain is measured in dB

Amplifier Applications AF (Audio Frequency) RF (Radio Frequency) IF (Intermediate Frequency) PA (Power Amplifier) Current, Voltage and or Power can all be amplified

Distortion

Homework Review Class Notes and Handouts Read ahead for next week

QUESTIONS????

THANK YOU!!!!!!!!