Chapter 29 The Making of Industrial Society 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Overview: The Industrial Revolution Energy: coal and steam replace wind, water, human and animal labor Organization: factories over cottage industries Rural agriculture declines, urban manufacturing increases Transportation: trains, automobiles replace animals, watercraft ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

Overview: Creation of New Classes The industrial middle class and the urban proletariat Inspiration for new political systems, especially Marxism ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

Foundation Coal critical to the early industrialization of Britain  Shift from wood to coal in eighteenth century; deforestation caused wood shortages British advantage  Abundant, accessible coal reserves  River and canal system  Exports to imperial colonies especially machine textiles Overseas colonies provided raw materials  Plantations in the Americas provided sugar and cotton  Colonies also became markets for British manufactured goods 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cotton-Producing Technology Flying shuttle (1733), John Kay  Sped up weaving output; stimulated demand for thread The “mule” (1779), Samuel Compton  Could produce 100 times more thread than a manual wheel Power loom (1785), Edmund Cartwright  Supplanted hand weavers in cotton industry by 1820s 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Steam Power James Watt's steam engine, 1765  Burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a wheel  Widespread use by 1800 meant increased productivity, cheaper prices ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

Iron and Steel Iron and Steel also important industries, with continual refinement  Coke (purified coal) replaced charcoal as principal fuel  Bessemer converter (1856) made cheaper, stronger steel 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Transportation Transportation improved with steam engines and improved steel  Steamships began to replace sailing ships in the mid-nineteenth century  Railroads (1815) and steamships lowered transportation costs and created dense transportation networks 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Factory System The factory gradually replaced the cottage system  Machines too large, expensive for home use (cottage system)  Large buildings could house specialized laborers  Urbanization guarantees supply of cheap unskilled labor  Factory system required division of labor; each worker performed a single task  Required a high degree of coordination, work discipline, and close supervision 9 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Working Conditions Six days a week, fourteen hours a day Immediate supervision, punishments “Luddite” protest against machines  Masked Luddites destroy machinery, enjoyed popular support ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Spread of Industrialization Western Europe  Spread to Germany, Belgium, France  French revolution and Napoleonic wars set stage for industrialization  After German unification, Bismarck sponsored heavy industry, arms, shipping 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Industrial Europe ca ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

Industrialization in North America Began in 1820s in New England with cotton textile industry By 1900, U.S. an economic powerhouse Railroad construction stimulates industry; integrated various regions of United States ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

Mass Production Eli Whitney (U.S., ) invents cotton gin (1793), also technique of using machine tools to make interchangeable parts for firearms Henry Ford, 1913, develops assembly line approach  Complete automobile chassis every 93 minutes  Previously: 728 minutes 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels Large corporations form blocs to drive out competition, keep prices high  John D. Rockefeller controls almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S.  German firm IG Farben controls 90% of chemical production Governments often slow to control monopolies 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Industrial Demographics Population growth  Industrialization raised material standards of living  Populations of Europe and America rose sharply from 1700 to 1900  Better diets and improved sanitation reduced death rate of adults and children Demographic transition: population change typical of industrialized countries  Pattern of declining birthrate in response to declining mortality  Improved disease control- Smallpox vaccine (1797) 16 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Population Growth (millions) 17 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Contraception Thomas Malthus ( ) predicts overpopulation crisis, advocates “moral restraint” 18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Urban Environment Industrialization drew migrants from countryside to urban centers  By 1900, 50 percent of population of industrialized countries lived in towns  Urban problems: shoddy houses, fouled air, inadequate water supply  City centers become overcrowded, unsanitary 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Transcontinental Migrations Nineteenth to early twentieth century, rapid population growth drives Europeans to Americas  50 million cross Atlantic  Britons to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid potato famines of 1840s, Jews to abandon tsarist persecution  United States is favored destination 20 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

New Social Classes New social classes created by industrialization  Captains of industry: a new aristocracy of wealth  Middle class: managers, accountants, other professionals  Working class: unskilled, poorly paid, vulnerable 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Genders at Home and Work Men gained increased stature and responsibility in industrial age  Middle- and upper-class men were sole providers  Valued self-improvement, discipline, and work ethic Opportunities for women narrowed by industrialization  Working women could not bring children to work in mines or factories  Middle-class women expected to care for home and children  Double burden: women expected to maintain home as well as work in industry Related to child labor: lack of day care facilities ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22

Child Labor Many children forced to work in industry to contribute to family support  1840s, Parliament began to regulate child labor  1881, primary education became mandatory in England ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

The Socialist Challenge Socialism first used in context of utopian socialists Charles Fourier ( ) and Robert Owen ( ) Opposed competition of market system Attempted to create small model communities Inspirational for larger social units 24 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ) Marx ( ) and Engels ( ), leading nineteenth-century socialists  Scorned the utopian socialists as unrealistic, unproductive  Critique of industrial capitalism (a) Unrestrained competition led to ruthless exploitation of working class (b) State, courts, police: all tools of the capitalist ruling class ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

Social Reform and Trade Unions Socialism had major impact on nineteenth- century reformers  Addressed issues of medical insurance, unemployment compensation, retirement benefits Trade unions form for collective bargaining  Strikes to address workers’ concerns 26 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Global Effects Global division of labor  Rural societies that produce raw materials  Urban societies that produce manufactured goods Uneven economic development Developing export dependencies of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south and southeast Asia  Low wages, small domestic markets 27 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.