The present tense The meaning The formation 1 The formation 2 Conjugations Irregulars Present vs. perfect Look to the principle part! Exempla Cautions

The present tense use The present tense is translated: -he _________s -he is ________ ing -he used to_________ index

The Present tense is formed by using the 1 st and 2 nd principle parts of the verb Porto, portāre, portāvī, portātus Doceō, docēre, docuī, doctus Mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus Audio, audīre, audīvī, audītus index Then what?

The endings give the directions If the 1st two forms show -ō, -āre, the present ending is –at porto, portāre: portat -eō, -ēre is –etdoceō, docēre: docet -o, -ēre is –it mittō, mittere: mittit -iō, -īre is also –itaudio, audīre: audit A few important verbs use –iō, -ere, but they show –it as well: rapio, rapere: rapit index

Conjugations These distinctions among verb types are known as conjugations, and are numbered 1 st :Porto, portāre, portāvī, portātus 2 nd :Doceō, docēre, docuī, doctus 3 rd :Mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus 4 th :Audio, audīre, audīvī, audītus (3 rd –iō) rapio, rapere, rapuī, raptus index What about irregulars?

Irregular presents Fero, ferre, tulī, lātusfert Eo, īre, īvī, ītusit Possum, posse, potuīpotest Volo, velle, voluīvult Sum esse, fuīest Fiō, fierī, factus sumfit These irregulars compounds follow the same rules: refert, exit, adest, mavult, profit index

Present vs. perfect the –it dilemma The challenge in learning the present endings is that now the ending –it has two jobs. In some situations -it expresses the present and in other situations the perfect tense. How do you tell? Look to the principle part! index

The principle part is the answer When a verb ends in –it, the question is “to which principle part is the –it added?” To the first?—then the verb is present To the third?--then it is perfect pono, ponere, posui, positus ponit = presentposuit = perfect mitto, mittere, misi, missus mittit = present,misit = perfect Further exempla index

Exempla of present and perfect forms in -it Currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus curr+itpresenthe runs cucurri+tperfecthe ran Accedō, accedere, accessī, accessūrus acced+itpresentit approaches accessi+tperfectit approached Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus aud+itpresentshe hears audivi+tperfectshe hears Indexcautions

Cautions Some verbs only distinguish tenses by means of a long vowel: inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventus invenit = he findsinvēnit = he found A very few verbs show no difference in form: bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitus bibit = she drinks or she drank (cf. she put it down today, he put down in yesterday) index