Zdravljenje bolečine z botulinom Treatment of Pain with Botulinum Milan Roman Gregorič 1. KONGRES SLOVENSKEGA ZDRUŽENJA ZA ZDRAVLJENJE BOLEČINE Bled, 9.

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Zdravljenje bolečine z botulinom Treatment of Pain with Botulinum Milan Roman Gregorič 1. KONGRES SLOVENSKEGA ZDRUŽENJA ZA ZDRAVLJENJE BOLEČINE Bled, 9. in 10. oktober 2009

Justinus Kerner (1786 – 1862)

TOKSIN BOTULIN (Clostridium botulinum) A (Dysport, Botox,) B (Myobloc/Neuroblock) Zavira sproščanje acetilholina iz perifernih holinergičnih motoričnih in avtonomnih končičev (kemodenervacija). Zavira tudi sproščanje glutamata, GABA, glicina, noradrenalina, raznih peptidov (npr. snov P) in dopamina. _______________________________________________________ BOTULINUM TOXIN inhibits acetylcholin release from peripheral cholinergic, motor and autonomic nerve endings (chemodenervation). Inhibits also the release of glutamate, GABA, glycine, noradrenaline, various peptides (e.g. substance P) and dopamine.

Botulin učinkuje najbolj na kronično bolečino mišičnoskeletnega izvora. Protibolečinski učinki botulina niso povezani le z zmanjšanjem mišičnega tonusa in patološko pretirane nehotene mišične dejavnosti. _________________________________________________ Botulinum affects mostly chronic pain of musculoskeletal origin. The analgesic effects may be independent of its action on muscle tone and abnormal involuntary muscle activity.

Na bolečino učinkuje botulin prej kot na mišično dejavnost. Učinek na bolečino traja dlje kot na mišično dejavnost. Na bolečino lahko deluje bolj kot na mišično dejavnost. Deluje lahko tudi na nevropatsko bolečino.* __________________________________________________ The effects of botulinum on pain could be earlier, stronger and longer in comparison to the effects on abnormal muscle activity. Botulinum may induce direct analgesic effects on neuropathic pain.* Ranoux et al. Ann Neurol. 2008; Apfel. Neurology 2009; Yuan et al. 2009*

Načini protibolečinskega delovanja botulina Zavora holinergičnega oživčenja Izboljšana dejavnost mišičnih vreten Retrograden prevzem botulina v osrednjem živčevju Zaviranje sterilnega vnetja ______________________________________________________________________ Modes of Action of Botulinum in Pain Relief Blockade of cholinergic innervation Normalization of muscle spindle activity Retrograde uptake in CNS Inhibition of sterile inflammation

Cervikalna distonija (spazmodični tortikolis) Botulin pomembno zmanjša bolečino. Na bolečino učinkuje pogosto bolj kot na patološko mišično dejavnost. Pri 59.4% bolnikov se bolečina nikoli ne povrne na prvotno raven.* Edina protibolečinska botulinska terapija, ki jo priznava FDA (ZDA). _________________________________________________ Botulinum significantly improves pain in cervical distonia. Pain is frequently more responsive than abnormal muscle activity. In 59.4% of patients pain never returned to the pretreatment levels. Approved by FDA (USA). * Tarsy, First, 1999

Spastičnost Botulinska terapija je izbor prve vrste pri zdravljenju s spastičnostjo povezanih bolečinskih sindromov. Fizikalna terapija lahko podaljša protispastične in protibolečinske učinke botulina. _________________________________________________________ Botulinum therapy represents the first line option in the management of focal spasticity related pain syndromes. Physical therapy may prolong the antispastic and analgesic effects of botulinum.

Spastičnost Spasticity Botulin Zmanjšana Gibljivost Decreased ROM Bolečina Pain Kontrakture Contractures Botulin

Protibolečinski učinki botulina pri bolečinah mišičnega izvora ? Bolečine v vratu Bolečine v križu Miofascialna bolečina Spazmi gladkih mišic sfinktrov Glavobol tenzijskega tipa ________________________________________________________ Analgesic effects of botulinum in pain of muscular origin ? Neck pain Low back pain Myofascial pain Smooth muscle sphincter spasms Tension-type headache

Kronična bolečina v vratu Zdravljenje z botulinom ni učinkovito brez fizikalne terapije (Wheeler et al. Pain 2001). Zmanjšanje bolečine je pomembno večje kot pri steroidni terapiji (Porta, Pain 2000). Nejasni učinki na kronično bolečino po nihajni poškodbi ( Freund, Schwartz. Clin J Pain. 2000; Pradberg et al. J Neurol 2007 ). ______________________________________________________ Chronic neck pain Botulinum treatment without physical therapy is not effective (Wheeler et al. Pain 2001). Reduction in pain is significantly greater than that seen with the steroid (Porta. Pain 2000). Uncertain effects in chronic whiplash-associated neck pain ( Freund, Schwartz. Clin J Pain 2000; Pradberg et al. J Neurol 2007).

Bolečina v križu Izboljšanje je opisano pri 66.7% (študija s placebom, inj. ledveno paraspinalno višini).* Zmanjšanje jakosti, pogostnosti bolečine in izboljšane dnevne dejavnosti pri 53%- 60% bolnikov (inj. v erektorje trupa. na 5 ravneh /L1-L5/, enot Botoxa na vsaki višini)** _________________________________________________ Low back pain Improvement was described by 66.7% (placebo controlled study, injections at lumbar paraspinal levels). Improvement of pain intensity, frequency and activities of daily living (inj. in erectors spinae at 5 levels /L1-L5/, units at each level).** ________________________________________ Foster et al. Neurology 2001*, 1993; Jabbari J Neural Transm 2008**.

Kronični glavobol tenzijskega tipa Opisani učinki botulina so različni : Jakost in trajanje glavobolov se lahko pomembno zmanjša po terapiji z botulinom.* Botulin ne učinkuje na glavobol ** Ugodni učinki inj. botulina v prožilne miofascialne vratne točke pri kroničnem glavobolu tenzijskega tipa so nezanesljivo nakazani*** ___________________________________________________________ Chronic tension-type headache The severity and duration of headaches decreased significantly following botulinum treatment.* The efficacy of botulinum injected in the myofascial trigger points in chronic tension-type headache is partially supported.*** Schulte Mattle et al., 1999, Smuts et al., 1999* Obermann, Diener 2009** Harden et al. 2008***

Miofascialni bolečinski sindromi Protibolečinski učinkih botulina na miofascialno bolečino niso zanesljivo potrjeni; rezultati študij so različni.* Botulin, vbrizgan v prožilne miofascialne točke, lahko omili bolečino in pridružene simptome.** ______________________________________________________________ Myofascial Pain Syndrome There is conflicting evidence relating to the use of botulinum in the tretment of myofascial pain. Botulinum injected into trigger points induce reduction in pain and associated symptoms.** Ho,Tan. Eur J Pain 2007; Jeynes et al. Pain Practice 2008.* Acquadro,Borodic,1994; Cheshire, 1994 (randomized, plc-controlled, double blind cross-over); Alo, 1997; Reilich, Pongratz.**

Botulinum toxin in Painful diseases Editor W.H. Jost 2003 Karger

Kompleksni regionalni bolečinski sindrom (KRBS) in boleča distonija KRBS po poškodbi lahko spremljajo gibalne motnje, vključno z zgibki in distonijo. Botulin lahko ublaži bolečino in distonijo. _______________________________________________________ Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) after trauma could be associated by motor abnormalities, including involuntary movements and dystonia. Pain and dystonia could be improved after botulinum injections. _______________________________________________ * Cordivari et al., 2001.

Drugi bolečinski sindromi Other Pain Syndromes Bolečine v medenici Piriformis sindrom Plantarni fasciitis Teniški komolec Bolečine v sklepih Disfunkcija temporomandibularnega sklepa Nevropatska bolečina Utesnitveni sindromi Pelvic pain Piriformis syndrome Plantar fasciitis Tennis elbow Joint pain Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Neuropathic pain Nerve entrapment

Zaključki o Botulin je učinkovit pri zdravljenju bolečine zaradi pretirane nehotene mišične dejavnosti. o Analgetičen učinek botulina je preverjen pri žariščni distoniji in spastičnosti. o Učinek botulina na bolečino ni le posledica zaviranja holinergičnega sistema; vključeni so tudi drugi mehanizmi. Conclusions o Botulinum is effective in the treatment of pain due to muscular hyperactivity, especially in dystonia and spasticity. o Botulinum relieves pain not only due to inhibition of the cholinergic system; other mechanisms are involved as well.

o Pri drugih mišičnoskeletnih bolečinskih sindromih in pri nekaterih sindromih nevropatske bolečine so opisani ugodni učinki botulina, vendar so deljena mnenja glede optimalnih postopkov. o Botulin predstavlja terapevtsko okno, ki olajša drugo terapijo, ko je ta premalo učinkovita. ______________________________________________ o In other pain musculoskeletal pain syndromes and selected neuropathic pain syndromes beneficial efficacy of botulinum was reported; however, the opinions differ regarding the dosage, injection areas and procedures. o Botulinum therapy represents a therapeutic window when conventional treatment is not effective.

o Uporaba botulina terja posebna znanja. o Botulin mišice slabi. Potrebni so previdnostni ukrepi. o Botulinska terapija je del celostne interdisciplinarne obravnave. o Razširjene uporabe botulina za zdravljenje bolečine še ne moremo priporočiti. o Potrebne so nadaljnje študije. _________________________________________________ o The usage of botulinum requires exact functional anatomic knowledge and extensive experience. o A widespread use of botulinum therapy cannot be recommended. o Further studies would be needed.