Part 1: Geography 1.Geography shapes history because it is where all history takes place 2. Since the beginning of time, all civilizations have had to control their surrounding in order to survive 3.Topography = The physical features of a place or region

Archipelago A chain of islands – Italy – Japan – Oceania

Delta A landform that is formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an another body of water – Nile Delta (Egypt)

Desert A dry, often sandy region, with little rainfall, extreme temperatures, and sparse vegetation – Sahara Desert (Africa)

Gulf Part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline – Gulf of Mexico

Regular (Smooth) Coastline A smooth coastline with very few natural harbors – West Coast of Africa

Irregular Coastline A non-smooth coastline, that has many natural harbors – Britain

Mountain Land with steep sides that rises sharply – Himalayan Mountain

Peninsula An area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides – Korean Peninsula – Italy – India

River Large natural stream of water that runs through the land – Nile River – Indus River – Ganges River – Yellow River

Isthmus A narrow stretch of land connecting two larger areas of land – Isthmus of Panama

Straight A narrow stretch of water connecting two larger bodies of water – Straight of Gibraltar

Geography Terms 1.Geographical Barrier = A physical feature that separates two regions/areas/locations from each other and creates obstacles a.Himalayan Mountains b.Sahara Desert c.Gobi Desert 2.River Valley = land that surrounds a river that is rich and fertile

3.Deforestation = the cutting down of forests or rainforests on a massive scale and converting the land for non-forest use. Amazon Rainforest 4.Desertification = the changing of semi- desert land to total desert land Sahara Desert

Political Map = a type of map that shows governmental boundaries, like countries, continents, states, and cities

Physical Map = a type of map that shows physical features, like mountains, plains, deserts and forests.

LatitudeLongitude Imaginary lines that run horizontally across a map Lat is FLAT Imaginary lines that run vertically (up and down) across a map Long is LONG

How do you read latitude and longitude?

Timelines 1.The period of time before written records were kept is called prehistoric, meaning “before history”. 2.Time is customarily divided into these periods: PrehistoryBefore 4000 B.C. Ancient History 4000 B.C. – A.D. 500 Medieval History A.D. 500 – A.D Modern History A.D – Present

Common Time Terms B.C. = Before Christ A.D. = Anno Domini (after death of Christ) Decade = 10 Years Century = 100 years

Culture The characteristics of a particular group of people defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts Way of life for a group of people

Cultural Diversity Many different kinds of cultures in one place

Cultural Diffusion The spread or exchange of cultures

Ethnocentrism The belief that your culture/ethnicity is superior (better) than others