Unit 4 Research Techniques

ALAT Chapter 15 Introduction to Science and Metrics

Scientific Terminology Most scientific terms have a prefix, root and/or suffix, which makes them easier to understand – such as hyperglycemia Most scientific terms have a prefix, root and/or suffix, which makes them easier to understand – such as hyperglycemia Hyper- (more than) Hyper- (more than) Glyc (glucose) Glyc (glucose) -emia (blood) -emia (blood) ecto- (outside), ecto- (outside), endo- (inside), endo- (inside), -cide (killing), -cide (killing), -tomy, (to cut into), -tomy, (to cut into), bio- (life), bio- (life), -ology (the study of), -ology (the study of), patho- (disease) patho- (disease)

Weights and Measures Metric system – universally used by the scientific community – based on the power of 10 Metric system – universally used by the scientific community – based on the power of 10 Needed to determine and record accurate measurements Needed to determine and record accurate measurements

Examples Weight - gram Weight - gram kilogram = 2.2 lb; 28.4 grams = 1 oz kilogram = 2.2 lb; 28.4 grams = 1 oz Volume - liter Volume - liter liter = qt; 30 milliliters = 1 fluid ounce; 1 ml = 20 drops liter = qt; 30 milliliters = 1 fluid ounce; 1 ml = 20 drops Length - meter Length - meter meter = 39.3 in; 2.54 cm = 1 in meter = 39.3 in; 2.54 cm = 1 in A little longer than a yard stick A little longer than a yard stick

Metric system milli- 1/1000 milli- 1/1000 centi- 1/100 centi- 1/100 deci- 1/10 deci- 1/10 gram, liter, meter gram, liter, meter deka- 1 x 10 deka- 1 x 10 hecta- 1 x 100 hecta- 1 x 100 kilo- 1 x 1000 kilo- 1 x 1000

Metric – metric Conversions Conversions made by moving the decimal point Eg.001km = 1m = 1000mm Base Gram/ Meter/ Liter KiloHecta Deka deciCentiMilli k h da d c m

Unit conversion 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 in = 2.54 cm A meter is a little longer than 3 feet (1 yard) A meter is a little longer than 3 feet (1 yard) A liter is about the size of a quart A liter is about the size of a quart 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 10 kg dog weighs 22 lbs 10 kg dog weighs 22 lbs

Temperature Americans use the Fahrenheit scale Americans use the Fahrenheit scale Science uses Celsius Science uses Celsius Conversion formula is: Conversion formula is: C = 5/9(F – 32) C = 5/9(F – 32)

Celsius (centigrade) scale Temperatures you should know: Temperatures you should know: 0 corresponds to 32 F (freezing) 0 corresponds to 32 F (freezing) 4 corresponds to 36 F (refrigerator) 4 corresponds to 36 F (refrigerator) 22 corresponds to 72 F (room temp) 22 corresponds to 72 F (room temp) 37 corresponds to 98.6 F (body temp) 37 corresponds to 98.6 F (body temp) 82.2 corresponds to 180 F (cagewash) 82.2 corresponds to 180 F (cagewash) 100 corresponds to 212 F (boiling) 100 corresponds to 212 F (boiling)

Chemistry The interaction of molecules and the recombination of their atoms The interaction of molecules and the recombination of their atoms Atoms are the fundamental materials which make up the universe Atoms are the fundamental materials which make up the universe Atoms combine to form molecules Atoms combine to form molecules

Important elements Carbon (C) Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Hydrogen (H) Phosphorus (P) Phosphorus (P) Nitrogen (N) Nitrogen (N) Calcium (Ca) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Sodium (Na) Iron (Fe) Iron (Fe)

Important Molecules Some elements are naturally joined in pairs Some elements are naturally joined in pairs Oxygen O 2 ( 21% of air) Oxygen O 2 ( 21% of air) Nitrogen N 2 Nitrogen N 2 Carbon Dioxide – CO 2 Carbon Dioxide – CO 2 Water – H 2 O Water – H 2 O Salt (Sodium Chloride) - NaCl Salt (Sodium Chloride) - NaCl

Chemistry Prefixes/Suffixes Mono - one Di – two Tri- Three Oxide – Oxygen Hydro – Hydrogen

Biochemistry The study of chemical reactions in living organisms The study of chemical reactions in living organisms Homeostasis- the balance of these chemical reactions, which is an active state - important for health and for good data Homeostasis- the balance of these chemical reactions, which is an active state - important for health and for good data Diet, lack of water, drug overdose, high tempuratures can affect Diet, lack of water, drug overdose, high tempuratures can affect Digestion, metabolism, and toxicity all involve chemical reactions in the body Digestion, metabolism, and toxicity all involve chemical reactions in the body

Acids, bases, and pH Acidified water – small amount of HCL (Hydrochloric acid) Acidified water – small amount of HCL (Hydrochloric acid) Limits the growth of microorganisms Limits the growth of microorganisms pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions Many hydrogen ions - acidic Many hydrogen ions - acidic Few hydrogen ions – alkaline (basic) Few hydrogen ions – alkaline (basic) Scale 0-14 Scale 0-14

Water – 7 (neutral) Water – 7 (neutral) Low numbers – acidic Low numbers – acidic High numbers - basic High numbers - basic

Acids and bases Substances with a non-neutral pH can be corrosive Substances with a non-neutral pH can be corrosive Wear protective eyewear and gloves Wear protective eyewear and gloves pH on either end are very corrosive pH on either end are very corrosive Measured with a special meter or pH paper which changes color according to the pH Measured with a special meter or pH paper which changes color according to the pH

Dilutions Reduce the concentration or “strength” of a liquid Reduce the concentration or “strength” of a liquid