 Do Now:  Obtain review REGENTS Packet #4  Take out Packet #3 (I will coming around to check) Answer the following questions:  What was the Civil War?  Who fought?  Why?

Differences Divide North and South  Regional Differences ◦ North  More factories  People began moving to the cities to work  Less people were farming  People from other countries moved to the North  Population grew rapidly to over 19 million PEOPLE!!!

 Which was most characteristic of the early factory systems in the United States?  a. Factories provided workers with a voice in management and employment conditions  b. Women and children were not allowed to work in factories  c. Unsafe working conditions were common  d. Many workers had the opportunity to move up in social class

◦ Huge plantations  Needed a lot of workers  Used slave labor

 One reason the plantation system developed in the southeastern section of the United States was that  a. slavery was allowed only in this section of the country  b. the climate and topography supported crops that required a large labor supply  c. land was significantly cheaper in this section of the country  d. this type of farming required cool, dry conditions

The South  Farming remained the main way to earn a living ◦ Most were small one family farms  Cut lumber, raised cattle, and raised just enough food for their own families  Population was a lot smaller (11 million) than in the North (19 million)

The Slave Economy  Many people began to turn against slavery  Cost of owning slaves was too high for most  Most slaves worked on large plantations.  Very few white Southerners could afford to own slaves.

“King Cotton”  Cotton was hard to prepare for market ◦ The little seeds had to be separated from the cotton. ◦ This was very hard to do and took a LOT of TIME ◦ Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin  Made cleaning cotton easier  Farmers grew more cotton and made more money  Needed more slaves to work the cotton

North and South Disagree  States’ Rights ◦ South didn’t like depending on the North’s manufactured goods ◦ Thought the North was getting RICH off of them

Slavery Issue  Slavery ◦ Settlers from the South who moved west took their slaves ◦ Settlers from the North didn’t own slaves and thought slavery was wrong. ◦ WHO would WIN Would there be slavery in the new territories or NOT???

 Life Under Slavery ◦ Slave Codes  Laws for slaves  Slaves could not leave owners’ land  Could not buy or sell goods  Not allowed to learn to read or write  Treated as property with very few privileges   Fighting Back ◦ Most resisted slavery ( act against) ◦ Quiet ways they resisted  Broke tools, left gates open to let the farm animals out, let boats drift away, hid stuff the owners needed and acted like they knew nothing about it at all

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Rebellion  John Brown’s rebellion at Harper’s Ferry  A white abolitionist  Stole guns from Harper’s Ferry warehouse to give to slaves  Caught, tried, and hanged

 The term “abolitionist” was used to describe a person who  a. believed in free trade  b. opposed foreign alliances  c. wanted to end slavery  d. supported colonial rule

Running Away  Running Away ◦ Many chose to run away ◦ Found safe places to hide  Indians protected some  Hid in forest, swamps, and mountains  Some made it to the free North, some to Canada and others went south to Mexico  Many were helped by the Underground Railroad  Many were caught and punished for trying to escape.

The Underground Railroad  System of escape routes leading to freedom  Members were called conductors  Hiding places were called stations  Harriet Tubman was most famous  An escaped slave  Returned to the South over 20 times to help others

Free Africans  Not all Africans were slaves ◦ Some were former slaves freed by their owners ◦ Others had bought their freedom ◦ Some had escaped to freedom ◦ Many lived in the cities where they had a better chance to work

Life for Africans…  Life for most Africans, free or not, was still hard because: ◦ Unwelcome in many places ◦ Often treated unfairly ◦ Had little freedom ◦ Not allowed to vote or meet in groups ◦ Could not attend school or have certain jobs Whites Only

 While it seems that the United States was founded on the premise of slavery. The movement to abolish slavery, or abolition, has existed nearly as long.  In the late 1700s, northern states became less dependent on slavery for labor, and the southern states became more so.  As the division between the North and South depended around this issue, abolitionists became more radical.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

 Henry Clay ◦ Worked hard to settle differences dividing the nation. ◦ Congressman from Kentucky ◦ Free state: didn’t want slavery. ◦ Slave state: wanted slavery ◦ Everything was EVEN until Missouri became a state.

 Asked to join the U.S. as a slave state  This would make more slave states than free.  Missouri would join as a slave state AND Maine would join as a free state.  Imaginary line would be drawn through the rest of the Louisiana territory

 North of the line = Free States  South of the line = Slave states

 Kept the peace for nearly 30 years  Six new states joined the Union – 3 slave and 3 free….still equal in number  AND THEN along came… California

 Henry Clay to the rescue AGAIN  California = Free  New Mexico and Utah territories= people would decide

 A new law that said: ◦ Anyone caught helping slaves escape would be punished. ◦ If you found a runaway slave, you had to return them to their owner.

 Kansas-Nebraska Act  Gave people living there the choice by voting  Hundreds moved in to “vote” on whether to be a free or slave state.  Tempers FLARED and over 200 people were killed in the dispute  Nicknamed “ Bleeding Kansas”

 One way that “Bleeding Kansas,” the Dred Scott decision, and John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry had a similar effect on the United States was that these events  a. ended conflict over slavery in the territories  b. eased tensions between the North and the South  c. contributed to the formation of the Whig Party  d. made sectional compromise more difficult

 Supreme Court ruled that once a slave, living in a free state, didn’t change that.  Said Scott had “none of the rights and privileges” of American citizens  Also said Congress had no right to outlaw slavery because the Constitution protects people’s right to own PROPERTY and slaves were PROPERTY!!!

 The decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) was important because it  a. strengthened the determination of abolitionists to achieve their goals  b. triggered the immediate outbreak of the Civil War  c. ended the importation of slaves into the U.S.  d. increased the power of Congress to exclude slavery from the new territories.

 Violence because of the Kansas-Nebraska act got everyone’s attention  Abraham Lincoln was against the SPREAD of slavery  Republican Party formed to fight the spread of slavery.  Lincoln ran for Senator  Stephen A. Douglas, author of the Kansas- Nebraska Act, was his OPPONENT! The battle is ON………

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

The Election of 1860  Democratic Party candidate: Douglas  Democratic Party south: Breckinridge  Republican Party: LINCOLN

 West should decide for themselves about slavery.

 Democratic candidate popular with southerners  Government should allow slavery everywhere in the West.

 Republican candidate  Against the SPREAD of slavery  Promised not to stop slavery in the South where it was already practiced.  Said he hoped it would one day END there, too.

 Many in the South were afraid if Lincoln were elected, slavery would be outlawed.  Some even said they would LEAVE the Union if Lincoln was elected.

 Early in his Presidency, Abraham Lincoln declared that his primary goal as President was to  a. preserve the Union  b. enforce the Emancipation Proclamation  c. encourage sectionalism  d. end slavery throughout the entire country

 November 6, 1860  December 20, 1860 South Carolina’s leaders seceded from the Union.  Later SIX other southern states seceded: ◦ Mississippi ◦ Florida ◦ Alabama ◦ Georgia ◦ Louisiana ◦ Texas

 “A house divided against itself cannon stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.” - Abraham Lincoln, 1858 According to this quotation, Abraham Lincoln believed that  a. slavery was immoral and should be abolished immediately  b. sectional differences threatened to destroyed the Union  c. the Southern states should be allowed to secede  d. to save the nation, the North should compromise on slavery

Secession!: SC  Dec. 20, 1860

 South Carolina  Mississippi  Florida  Louisiana  Alabama  Georgia  Texas

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

 Some advised Lincoln to “Let the states go”  Others said, “Give in on the slavery question.”  Still others said, “Use the ARMY to end their revolt!”

 He wanted to prevent war.  “We are not enemies, but friends.” THE VERY NEXT DAY An important message came from Major Robert Anderson commander at Fort Sumter:

 Message from Commander Anderson Supplies at the Fort are almost gone. If new supplies are not sent soon, we will be forced to surrender the fort to the Confederacy.

 Lincoln decided to send supply ships  And see what the Southerners would do

 Davis decided to take over the fort BEFORE the supply ships arrived.  Demanded them to surrender.  NEVER!  The Confederate troops FIRED on the fort, Major Anderson and his men ran out of ammunition and had to give up.

 Lincoln called for Americans to join the army to stop the rebellion.  Frightened southern states not in the Confederacy now joined with the other 7 states.  Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina  11 States Strong