Functional Groups Group of atoms that gives a family of organic compounds its characteristic chemical and physical properties Alkyl group: derived from alkane by removing a H –R stands for alkyl group in general

C 2 H 5 OH, ethanol Made industrially and by fermentation –Industrially produced alcohol has noxious substances added Small, simple alcohols tend to be toxic

Multifunctional Alcohols Several common alcohols have more than one –OH group Ethylene glycol: main ingredient in antifreeze Glycerol: used in lotions –Ingredent in some explosives

Phenol –OH group on benzene ring –Different chemical properties than other alcohols –Behaves more like an acid First antiseptic –Also causes skin irritation

Ethers Two alkyl groups attached to same O –Example CH 3 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 Used mainly as solvent Little chemical reactivity –Insoluble in water –Highly flammable

Amines Contain N May have 1, 2, or 3 alkyl or aromatic groups Most biological amines are amino acids –Building blocks of proteins

Aldehydes and Ketones Both contain carbonyl group (C=O) Aldehyde: R-CHO Ketone: R-CO-R’

Common Aldehydes Change -e ending to -al Produced by oxidation of alcohols Formaldehyde – used as a preservative Larger ones used as fragrances –Benzaldehyde – flavor in maraschino cherries

Common Ketones Change -e ending to -one Acetone most common ketone –Used primarily as a solvent Produced by oxidation of alcohols

Amides N bonded directly to carbonyl group Linkage that holds proteins together

Esters Derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols Tend to be fragrant –Methyl butyrateapple –Ethyl butyratepineapple –Ethyl formaterum –Methyl salicylatewintergreen

Heterocyclic Compounds Ring compounds that have something other than C in the ring Occur in plants –Alkaloids: basic in solution –Examples: caffeine, morphine, cocaine Form basic structure of DNA