1 Psychology 320: Gender Psychology Lecture 57

2 2 Papers are due on Friday, April 9th, Students are expected to submit their papers at the start of class. If you are unable to attend class on the day the paper is due, please have someone hand it in for you at the start of class. Papers left in mailboxes or submitted via will not be accepted. Reminders and Announcements Please note that I will be out of town from April 1 st to April 6 th. If you have any questions regarding your paper during this time, please contact David or Jill.

3 Psychology 3053 What is TurnItIn? TurnItIn is a system designed to identify academic dishonesty/plagiarism. It scans and compares your paper to online content (e.g., other students’ papers, websites such as wikipedia). It provides an “originality report” that documents the overlap between your paper and online content. It indicates the source of plagiarized content (note that overlap is acceptable if it is properly cited—see APA guidelines).

4 Psychology 3054 Go to Click on “New User” in the upper right hand corner of the screen to create your own account. You will need the following information to add this course to your profile: Class ID: Password: genderpsych TurnItIn Instructions

5 Psychology 3055 Detailed step-by-step instructions for creating your user profile and submitting your paper are available at: When creating your user profile, you are given the option to provide your “accurate” name or an “alias.” Please select “accurate” so that David and Jill know who you are. You must submit your paper to TurnItIn by the due date of the paper (April 9th). You will receive 0 on your paper if you do not submit it to TurnItIn by the due date. Additional Notes on TurnItIn

6 Psychology 3056 You may contact the TAs if you have any questions or difficulties submitting your paper to TurnItIn. A hard copy of your paper must be turned in at the start of class on April 9th. Additional Notes on TurnItIn, continued

7 Mental Health: 1. Are there sex differences in: (a) depression, (b) eating disorders, (c) personality disorders, and (d) suicide? (continued)

8 Nolen-Hoeksema argues that rumination contributes to depression in three ways: Are there sex differences in depression? (continued)

9 Model of the Relation Between Rumination and Depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987, 1994)

10 5. Stressful Life Events  A recent meta-analysis of 119 studies (Davis, Matthews, & Twamley, 1999) revealed relatively small sex differences in exposure to (i.e., quantity of) stressful life events (e.g., job loss, divorce, financial problems): Exposure to stress: d = -.08 The sex difference peaks in adolescence (d = -.12) and declines in adulthood.

11  Nevertheless, females and males report exposure to stress in different domains: This sex difference has been documented in pre- adolescence, adolescence, and adulthood: Females report greater exposure to interpersonal stress than males; males report greater exposure to non-interpersonal stress than females.

12 Sex Differences for Interpersonal and Non- Interpersonal Stress Among Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents (Rudolph & Hammen, 1999)

13  Interpersonal stress is more strongly associated with depression among females than males. Non- interpersonal stress is equally associated with depression among females and males (Nazroo et al., 1997; Shih et al., 2006). The greater impact of interpersonal stress on females than males supports the differential vulnerability hypothesis (vs. differential exposure hypothesis) of stress and depression.

14  With respect to traumatic events (e.g., sexual assault, combat), a recent meta-analysis of 290 studies (Tolin & Foa, 2006) revealed that, overall, males are 1.3 times more likely than females to experience trauma.

15 TraumaSex Difference Magnitude of Difference (Odds Ratio) Childhood sexual assaultF > M2.7 Adult sexual assaultF > M6.0 Nonsexual assaultM > F1.6 AccidentsM > F1.5 Illness or injuryM > F1.5 Disaster or fireM > F1.3 Witness death or injuryM > F1.3 Combat/war/terrorismM > F3.6 Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Specific Types of Traumatic Events (Tolin & Foa, 2006)

16  Nevertheless, females are two times more likely than males to be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Possible explanations (Tolin & Foa, 2006): 1. Sexual assault produces greater trauma than other types traumatic events. 2. Females experience the varied types of traumatic events more severely than males.

17 3. In response to trauma, males exhibit symptom patterns distinct from those associated with PTSD. 4. Females are more likely than males to exhibit cognitive and behavioural responses to traumatic events that result in PTSD.

18 Mental Health: 1. Are there sex differences in: (a) depression, (b) eating disorders, (c) personality disorders, and (d) suicide? (continued)