CSIE30300 Computer Architecture Unit 01: Introduction Hsin-Chou Chi [Adapted from material by and

How Do the Pieces Fit Together? I/O systemInstr. Set Proc. Compiler Operating System Application Digital Design Circuit Design Instruction Set Architecture Firmware  Coordination of many levels of abstraction  Under a rapidly changing set of forces  Design, measurement, and evaluation Memory system Datapath & Control

Where is the Market? Millions of Computers

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)  ISA: An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest level software of a machine that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly, including instructions, registers, memory access, I/O, and so on. l Enables implementations of varying cost and performance to run identical software

ISA Type Sales Millions of Processor

Moore’s Law  In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on a die would double every 18 to 24 months (i.e., grow exponentially with time).  Amazingly visionary – million transistor/chip barrier was crossed in the 1980’s. l 2300 transistors, 1 MHz clock (Intel 4004) l 16 Million transistors (Ultra Sparc III) l 42 Million transistors, 2 GHz clock (Intel Xeon) – 2001 l 55 Million transistors, 3 GHz, 130nm technology, 250mm 2 die (Intel Pentium 4) l 140 Million transistor (HP PA-8500)

Processor Performance Increase SUN-4/260MIPS M/120 MIPS M2000 IBM RS6000 HP 9000/750 DEC AXP/500 IBM POWER 100 DEC Alpha 4/266 DEC Alpha 5/500 DEC Alpha 21264/600 DEC Alpha 5/300 DEC Alpha 21264A/667 Intel Xeon/2000 Intel Pentium 4/3000

DRAM Capacity Growth 16K 64K 256K 1M1M 4M4M 16M 64M 128M 256M 512M

Impacts of Advancing Technology  Processor l logic capacity:increases about 30% per year l performance:2x every 1.5 years  Memory l DRAM capacity:2x every 1.5 years, now 2x every 2 years l memory speed:1.5x every 10 years l cost per bit:decreases about 25% per year  Disk l capacity:increases about 60% per year

Impacts of Advancing Technology  Processor l logic capacity:increases about 30% per year l performance:2x every 1.5 years  Memory l DRAM capacity:2x every 1.5 years, now 2x every 2 years l memory speed:1.5x every 10 years l cost per bit:decreases about 25% per year  Disk l capacity:increases about 60% per year ClockCycle = 1/ClockRate 500 MHz ClockRate = 2 nsec ClockCycle 1 GHz ClockRate = 1 nsec ClockCycle 4 GHz ClockRate = 250 psec ClockCycle

Example Machine Organization  Workstation design target l 25% of cost on processor l 25% of cost on memory (minimum memory size) l Rest on I/O devices, power supplies, box CPU Computer Control Datapath MemoryDevices Input Output

PC Motherboard Closeup

Inside the Pentium 4 Processor Chip

Example Machine Organization  TI SuperSPARC tm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20 Floating-point Unit Integer Unit Inst Cache Ref MMU Data Cache Store Buffer Bus Interface SuperSPARC L2 $ CC MBus Module MBus L64852 MBus control M-S Adapter SBus DRAM Controller SBus DMA SCSI Ethernet STDIO serial kbd mouse audio RTC Boot PROM Floppy SBus Cards

MIPS R3000 Instruction Set Architecture  Instruction Categories l Load/Store l Computational l Jump and Branch l Floating Point -coprocessor l Memory Management l Special R0 - R31 PC HI LO OP rs rt rdsafunct rs rt immediate jump target 3 Instruction Formats: all 32 bits wide Registers Q: How many already familiar with MIPS ISA?