Most traits are neither harmful or helpful ◦ Ex. Blood type – there is no advantage or disadvantage to having A or B blood type Some are helpful ◦ Ex. Coloration on an animal Mimicry Camouflage Some are harmful ◦ Ex. Health risks
Autosomal traits – carried on autosomes ◦ 22 pairs of autosomes ◦ 1 pair of sex chromosomes X and Y
Some diseases are genetic (passed down from one generation to the next) Many inherited diseases result from mutations ◦ What is a mutation? Most are autosomal ◦ Cystic fibrosis ◦ Huntington disease ◦ Sickle cell Others on sex chromosomes
Disease affecting sweat and mucous glands Chloride ions outside of cells lead to problems maintaining salt balance Affects lungs – thicker and stickier mucous ◦ Difficulty breathing ◦ Supports bacterial growth Also affects pancreas, liver, and sex organs Autosomal recessive com/watch?v=L10W9 MdRjPs
Degenerative disease of the nervous system Progressive – worse over time ◦ Eventually breaks down nerves in the brain Causes: ◦ Uncontrollable movements ◦ Mental deterioration ◦ Premature death Autosomal DOMINANT Generally has late onset ZoM5L5dak
Changes in hemoglobin (a protein in blood) Red blood cells fold into a sickle shape Problems: ◦ blockages in blood flow ◦ Weakness and pain ◦ Damanges brain, heart and spleen Can be fatal Autosomal recessive Incomplete dominance 1 allele means you have the sickle cell trait Increases chances of surviving malaria
Unable to produce normal clotting protein Bruise easily Can die from minor cuts – can’t stop bleeding Commonly sex linked trait Occurs mostly in what gender? D0vdQDZs
Behavior or certain substances can affect the expression of a gene Heart disease and diabetes ◦ Genetic component accelerated by diet and exercise Skin cancer ◦ UV rays strongly related to skin cancer but a higher risk in fair skin and light hair and eyes
Chart or family tree, that traces the inheritance of a trait Carriers have one copy of each gene
Horizontal lines indicate marriage or parentage Vertical lines are children Generations are numbered People are numbered Males = squares Females = circles Solid = affected Blank = unaffected