FQ: How does the Cold War End? Do Now DBQ Pre-Write Complete and DBQ Essay Pre-Write Agenda (10 min)- DBQ Pre-Write (20 min)- Notes: End of the Cold War (25 min)- Class Activity: DBQ Essays -Review: DBQ Responses -Review: DBQ Essay Pre-write (Template) -Review: Adding DBQ to DBQ Essay (5 min)- Wrap Up: Class Discussion

1945-Yalta and Potsdam Conferences 1947-Truman Doctrine 1948-Czechoslovakia and NATO Berlin Blockade and Airlift 1949-USSR exploded 1 st A-Bomb 1950-Korean War 1954-Vietnam War 1955-Warsaw Pact formed 1962-Cuban Missile Crisis 1989-Communist Eastern Europe collapsed Berlin Wall falls 1991-Soviet Union broke up

Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China Destalinization and Rumblings of Protest Nikita Khrushchev—leader of Soviet Union after Stalin dies (1953) Khrushchev condemns Stalin; Soviets and West can peacefully compete Citizens of Soviet-controlled governments begin protesting communism Khrushchev sends Soviet military to put down Hungarian protesters.

Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China The Revolt in Czechoslovakia Leonid Brezhnev— Soviet leader after Khrushchev— represses dissent Leonid Brezhnev— Soviet leader after Khrushchev— represses dissent In 1968, Warsaw Pact troops block reforms in Czechoslovakia In 1968, Warsaw Pact troops block reforms in Czechoslovakia

From Brinkmanship to Détente Brinkmanship Breaks Down Brinkmanship cause repeated crises; nuclear war a constant threat Brinkmanship cause repeated crises; nuclear war a constant threat John F. Kennedy—U.S. president during the Cuban Missile Crisis John F. Kennedy—U.S. president during the Cuban Missile Crisis Lyndon Johnson—president who increases U.S. involvement in Vietnam Lyndon Johnson—president who increases U.S. involvement in Vietnam

From Brinkmanship to Détente The United States Turns to Détente Vietnam-era turmoil fuels desire for less confrontational policy Détente—policy of reducing Cold War tensions to avoid conflict Richard M. Nixon—U.S. president who launches détente Détente grows out of philosophy known as realpolitik—”realistic politics”—recognizes need to be practical and flexible

From Brinkmanship to Détente Nixon Visits Communist Powers Nixon visits Communist China and Soviet Union, signs SALT I Treaty Nixon visits Communist China and Soviet Union, signs SALT I Treaty SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks— limits nuclear weapons SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks— limits nuclear weapons

Nixon visiting China

The Collapse of Détente Policy Changes Nixon and Gerald Ford improve relations with Soviets and China Nixon and Gerald Ford improve relations with Soviets and China Jimmy Carter has concerns about Soviet policies but signs SALT II Jimmy Carter has concerns about Soviet policies but signs SALT II Congress will not ratify SALT II due to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Congress will not ratify SALT II due to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

The Collapse of Détente Reagan Takes an Anti- Communist Stance Ronald Reagan—anti- Communist U.S. president takes office in 1981 Ronald Reagan—anti- Communist U.S. president takes office in 1981 Reagan increases military spending and proposes a missile defense program Reagan increases military spending and proposes a missile defense program In 1985, new Soviet leadership allows easing of Cold War tensions In 1985, new Soviet leadership allows easing of Cold War tensions

Problems in the Soviet Union By the mid-1980s, Communist government of USSR was inefficient; the economy was really bad The Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe were in economic ruin: had low industrial production & food shortages

Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev March 11, 1985 Inherited many problems; recognized need for change (the economy needed fundamental reforms) Introduced two-tiered policy of reform to meet the needs of the Russian state

Policy #1: Glasnost Openness Policy to end censorship and encouraged people to discuss openly the problems of the Soviet Union. Unwittingly unleashed emotions and political feelings that had been pent up for decades Pandora’s Box

Policy #2: Perestroika Economic reform and rebuilding (complete economic restructuring- Free Market) did not have the immediate results Gorbachev had hoped for and had publicly predicted Unsuccessful – Negative Effect- Inflation, shortage of food and medicine People used free speech to criticize Gorbachev

Berlin Wall June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev: “General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

Fall of Berlin Wall, Soviet Union Dissolves NOVEMBER 9, 1989 – Berlin Wall comes down

Fall of Communism in Europe 1991 Fall of Soviet Union (end of Cold War) Beginning of Persian Gulf War (Desert Storm)

USSR Collapses USSR was a union of 15 republics (states); Russia was the largest; non-Russian states resented Russia’s control of USSR In 1990, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia declared independence from USSR; began movement for all Soviet states to declare independence from USSR by 1991

Mikhail GORBACHEV RESIGNED the presidency of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991 and the Soviet Union was DISSOLVED by the next week Soviet Union was REPLACED by a LOOSE ALLIANCE of former Soviet republics called the COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

Commonwealth of Independent States