HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET EARLY STEPS J.C.R Licklider of MIT was the first to envision a global interconnected set of computers, that would allow everyone to access data and programs from a site In 1965 the first wide area computer network was built, by connecting two similar computers in California with a low speed dial up telephone, successfully working well together in running programs and retrieving data.

HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET MIDDLE STEPS Initially conceived as a means of sharing expensive computing resources among ARPA research contractors, the ARPANET evolved in a number of unanticipated directions during the 1970s. Although a few experiments in resource sharing were carried out, and the Telnet protocol was developed to allow a user on one machine to log onto another machine over the network, other applications became more popular. Telnet, FTP, and were examples of the leverage that research typically provided in early network development. As each new capability was added, the efficiency and speed with which knowledge could be disseminated improved. and FTP made it possible for geographically distributed researchers to collaborate and share results much more effectively. These programs were also among the first networking applications that were valuable not only to computer scientists, but also to scholars in other disciplines.

HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET MODERN STEPS: 1990 TO THE PRESENT Numerous companies now sell Internet products worth billions of dollars. Cisco Systems, a leader in network routing technology, for example, reported sales of $8.5 billion in Netscape Communications Corporation, which commercialized the Mosaic browser, had sales exceeding $530 million in Microsoft Corporation also entered the market for Web browsers and now competes head-to-head with Netscape. A multitude of other companies offer hardware and software for Internet based systems.

INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE Computers connected to the internet is part of network Residential areas are part of a local area network and connected through an internet service provider (ISP) who further is connected to larger networks etc. NAP’s (Network Access Point) are the key component of the internet backbone NAP’s allow many large internet providers to interconnect with one another and transferring of mega bytes per second ( mbps ) (Mega bytes is a unit of data transfer to and from a computer storage device ) NAP’s allows us to communicate with computers across the world. A Router are located at gateways and just like NAP’s they are also the backbones of the internet. A router determines the path of the information from one computer to another.

Internet protocol (IP address) is a unique number that identified by a unique number that allows computers to communicate over the internet. Uniform Resource Locators (URL) is a location or address which identifies where documents could be found on the internet. For example Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. For example, the domain name microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web pages. Domain Names System (DNS) maps text names into IP address and which ties in with URLS and well be discussed in the next slide. Application ports – a server machine makes its service available using numbered ports When a web server machine runs a file transfer and web server it would identify webservers to be available on port 80 and file transfers on port 21. (standford.edu 7)

WORLD WIDE WEB The world wide web (WWW) is a “ a open source information space” (wiki) where documents and web resources are identified by URL’s. It was founded by Tim Berners an English computer scientist in The World wide Web consists of text documents which are formatted using Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Hyper text markup language (HTML)

Programming Languages Scripting Languages Javascript Perl ASP PHP Python JSP Makeup languages HTML AppML JSML

SCRIPTING LANGUAGE (PHP) What can PHP do? Anything. PHP is mainly focused on server-side scripting, so you can do anything any other CGI program can do, such as collect form data, generate dynamic page content, or send and receive cookies. But PHP can do much more. PHP can be used on all major operating systems, including Linux, many Unix variants (including HP-UX, Solaris and OpenBSD), Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, RISC OS, and probably others. PHP has also support for most of the web servers today. This includes Apache, IIS, and many others. And this includes any web server that can utilize the FastCGI PHP binary, like lighttpd and nginx.

ActionScript ActionScript is an object- oriented programming (OOP) language that is designed specifically for Web site animation. ActionScript makes it possible for developers to create onscreen environments (such as games, tutorials, and e- commerce applications) that can respond to user input through the keyboard or mouse. ActionScript is an event- based language: just as is the case in real life, actions are triggered by events.

Other Scripting LANGUAGE jQuery is a lightweight, "write less, do more", JavaScript library. The purpose of jQuery is to make it much easier to use JavaScript on your website. JavaScript is a programming language used to make web pages interactive. It runs on your visitor's computer and doesn't require constant downloads from your website. JavaScript is often used to create polls and quizzes. Perl is a high-level programming language with an eclectic heritage written by Larry Wall and a cast of thousands. Perl's process, file, and text manipulation facilities make it particularly well- suited for tasks involving quick prototyping, system utilities, software tools, system management tasks, database access, graphical programming, networking, and web programming.

Conclusion The internet is defined as a global system of interconnected computer networks that link with one another through the internet protocol. The world wide web (WWW) is a a open source information space where documents and web resources are identified by URL’s. Scripting languages came about largely because of the development of the Internet as a communications tool. JavaScript, ASP, JSP, PHP, Perl, Tcl and Python are examples of scripting languages. Markup languages are designed for the processing, definition and presentation of text.

ml ml htm htm e.html e.html Work Cited