What is Midrash?. Do Now  What comes to mind when you hear midrash?  Define “Midrash”  Try to recall a midrash that you have learned.  Please write.

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Presentation transcript:

What is Midrash?

Do Now  What comes to mind when you hear midrash?  Define “Midrash”  Try to recall a midrash that you have learned.  Please write down your answers.

בראשית כה:כב וַיִּתְרֹצֲצוּ הַבָּנִים בְּקִרְבָּהּ וַתֹּאמֶר אִם כֵּן לָמָּה זֶּה אָנֹכִי וַתֵּלֶךְ לִדְרֹשׁ אֶת יְקֹוָק:

דברים יח:יא  וְחֹבֵר חָבֶר וְשֹׁאֵל אוֹב וְיִדְּעֹנִי וְדֹרֵשׁ אֶל הַמֵּתִים:

ירמיהו כא:ב  דְּרָשׁ נָא בַעֲדֵנוּ אֶת יְקֹוָק כִּי נְבוּכַדְרֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל נִלְחָם עָלֵינוּ אוּלַי יַעֲשֶׂה יְקֹוָק אוֹתָנוּ כְּכָל נִפְלְאֹתָיו וְיַעֲלֶה מֵעָלֵינוּ:

דברי הימים ב יד:כב  וְיֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי אֲבִיָּה וּדְרָכָיו וּדְבָרָיו כְּתוּבִים בְּמִדְרַשׁ הַנָּבִיא עִדּוֹ:

עזרא ז:י  כִּי עֶזְרָא הֵכִין לְבָבוֹ לִדְרוֹשׁ אֶת תּוֹרַת יְקֹוָק וְלַעֲשֹׂת וּלְלַמֵּד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל חֹק וּמִשְׁפָּט:

ספרי במדבר פיסקא קיב  הכרת תכרת הנפש ההיא (במדבר טו:לא), הכרת בעוה"ז תכרת לעוה"ב דברי ר' עקיבא  אמר לו ר' ישמעאל לפי שהוא אומר [ונכרתה הנפש ההיא שומע אני שלש כריתות בשלשה עולמות מה ת"ל] הכרת תכרת הנפש ההיא דברה תורה כלשון בני אדם:

Midrash Halakha  שמות פרק יב (ח) וְאָכְלוּ אֶת הַבָּשָׂר בַּלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה צְלִי אֵשׁ וּמַצּוֹת עַל מְרֹרִים יֹאכְלֻהוּ: (ט) אַל תֹּאכְלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ נָא וּבָשֵׁל מְבֻשָּׁל בַּמָּיִם כִּי אִם צְלִי אֵשׁ רֹאשׁוֹ עַל כְּרָעָיו וְעַל קִרְבּוֹ:  דברים פרק טז (ז) וּבִשַּׁלְתָּ וְאָכַלְתָּ בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְדֹוָד אֱלֹהֶיךָ בּוֹ וּפָנִיתָ בַבֹּקֶר וְהָלַכְתָּ לְאֹהָלֶיךָ:

Resolving Contradictions  דברי הימים ב פרק לה (יג) וַיְבַשְּׁלוּ הַפֶּסַח בָּאֵשׁ כַּמִּשְׁפָּט וְהַקֳּדָשִׁים בִּשְּׁלוּ בַּסִּירוֹת וּבַדְּוָדִים וּבַצֵּלָחוֹת וַיָּרִיצוּ לְכָל בְּנֵי הָעָם:  מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל בא - מס' דפסחא בא פרשה ו ד"ה ובשל מבושל ובשל אין בשל אלא צלי שנאמר ובשלת ואכלת (דברים טז ז) ואומר ויבשלו את הפסח באש כמשפט והקדשי' בשלו בסירות ובדודים ובצלחות ויריצו לכל בני העם (דברי הימים ב' לה יג). מכאן היה ר' יאשיה אומר הנודר מן המבושל אסור בצלי:

Mind the Gap  בראשית פרק ד:ח וַיֹּאמֶר קַיִן אֶל הֶבֶל אָחִיו וַיְהִי בִּהְיוֹתָם בַּשָּׂדֶה וַיָּקָם קַיִן אֶל הֶבֶל אָחִיו וַיַּהַרְגֵהוּ:

בראשית רבה כב:ח ויאמר קין אל הבל אחיו וגו' על מה היו הדינין אמורים? [A] אמרו בוא ונחלק העולם, אחד נטל את הקרקעות ואחד [נטל] המיטלטלין, דין אמר ארעא דאת קאים דידי היא ודין אמר מה דאת לביש דידי הוא, דין אמר חלוש ודין אמר פרוח, מתוך כן ויקם קין אל הבל וגו' [B] ר' יהושע דסיכנין בשם ר' לוי שניהן נטלו את הקרקעות ושניהם נטלו המיטלטלין, ועל מה היו אותן הדינין, זה אמר בתחומי בית המקדש ניבנה וזה אמר בתחומי ויהי בהיותם בשדה, אין שדה אלא בית המקדש היך מה דאת אמר ציון שדה תחרש (מיכה ג יב), מתוך כן ויקם קין וגו', [C] יהודה בר' אמר על חוה הראשונה היו הדינין, אמר ר' איבו חוה ראשונה חזרה לעפרה, ועל מה היו הדינין אמר ר' הונא תאומה יתירה נולדה עם הבל, זה א' אני נוטלה וזה אומר אני נוטלה, זה אומר אני נוטלה שאני בכור וזה אומר אני נוטלה שנולדה עימי.

“And Cain spoke unto Abel his brother…” (Gen 4:8). About what did they quarrel? [A]“Come,” said they, “let us divide the world.” One took the land and the other took the moveables. The former said, “the land you are standing on is mine,” while the latter retorted, “What you are wearing is mine.” One said “Strip”; the other retorted “Fly [off the ground].” Out of this quarrel, “Cain rose up against his brother Abel…” [B] R. Yehoshua of Siknin said in R. Levi’s name: Both took land and both took moveables, but about what did they quarrel? Once said, “The Temple must be built in my area,” while the other claimed, “It must be built in mine.” For it is written, “and it came to pass when they were in the field”: now field refers to naught bu the Temple, as you read, “Zion [i.e. the Temple] shall be plowed as a field” (Mich 3:12). Out of this argument, “Cain rose up against his brother Abel…” [C] Yehudah b. Rabbi sadi: Their quarrel was about the first Eve. Said R. Aibu: The first Eve had returned to dust. Then about what was their quarrel? Said R. Huna: An additional twin was born with Abel, and each claimed her. The one claimed: “I will have her, because I am the firstborn”; while the other maintained: “I must have her, because she was born with me.”

Bavli Hagiga 3a  [R. Eleazar ben Azariah] recited this proem: “the words of the wise are like goads; like nails well-planted are the words of masters of assemblies; they were given by one shepherd” (Eccles 12:11).  Why are the words of the Torah likened to a goad? To teach you that just as the goad directs the heifer along its furrow to bring forth life to the world, so the words of the Torah direct those who study them from the paths of death to the paths of life.  But [you might think that] just as the goad can move [and be removed], so the words of the Torah move [and can be removed] – therefore the text says: “nails [which once nailed down cannot be removed]. But [you might think that] just as the nail only diminishes [as it is pounded into wood] and does not increase, so, too, the words of the Torah only diminish and do not increase – therefore the test says: “well-planed.” Just as a plant grows and increases, so the words of Torah grow and increase.

Bavli Hagiga 3a, cont.  [What does the phrase “the masters of assemblies [mean?] These are the disciples of the wise who sit in assemblies and study the Torah, some pronouncing unclean and others pronouncing clean, some prohibiting and others permitting, some declaring unfit and others declaring fit.  Should a man say: since some pronounce unclean and others pronounce clean, some prohibit and others permit, some declare unfit and others declare fit – how then shall I learn Torah? Therefore Scripture says: All of them “were given from one shepherd.” Once God gave them, one leader (i.e. Moses) proclaimed them from the mouth of God of all creation, blessed be He, as it is written, “And God spoke all these words” (Ex 20:1). Therefore make your eat like the hopper and acquire a perceptive heart to understand the words of those who pronounce unclean and the words of those who pronounce clean, the words of those who prohibit and the words of those who permit, the words of those who declare unfit and the rods of those who declare fit.

Midrash in Second Temple Literature  ספר בן סירא נא:כג פְּנוּ אֵלַי סְכָלִים, וְלִינוּ בְּבֵית מִדְרָשִׁי.

Dead Sea Scrolls Manual of Discipline  ובהיות אלה ^ליחד^ בישראל  1QS 8:13‏ ^בתכונים האלה^ יבדלו מתוך מושב הנשי העול ללכת למדבר לפנות שם את דרכ הואהא  1QS 8:14‏ כאשר כתוב במדבר פנו דרך יייי ישרו בערבה מסלה לאלוהינו.  1QS 8:15‏ היאה מדרש התורה א ֯ [ש]ר ֯ צוה ביד מושה לעשות ככול הנגלה עת בעת  1QS 8:16‏ וכאשר גלו הנביאים ברוח קודשו.

 Rabbi Eleazar HaKappar said: Do not be like a lintel overhead that no one can reach; neither, be like a door beam that injures faces, nor like a raised threshold that bruises feet. Rather, be like a low threshold that everyone crosses easily. In the end, the entire building might disappear, but the threshold will remain in place.  Avot d’Rabbi Natah end of chapter 26

Midrash is “an edifying and explanatory genre closely tied to Scripture, in which the role of amplification is real but secondary and always remains subordinate to the primary religious end, which is to show the full import of the work of God, the Word of God.”  Renee Bloch in Approaches to Ancient Judaism, ed. W.S. Green, p. 29.