ECE 333 Renewable Energy Systems Lecture 22: Water Pumping, Hydro Prof. Tom Overbye Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Announcements Read Chapter 8 HW 9 is 6.18, 6.19, 8.8, 8.10; it will be covered during an in-class quiz on April 30 1

In the News: Tesla to Announce Home Battery Systems Tesla plans to announce a "home battery" and a "very large utility scale battery" on April 30 – CEO Elon Musk thinks rivals' batteries "suck," according to the note from Jeff Evanson, Tesla's investor relations director (as reported by CNN) – Tesla shares rose 5% on the news of the announcement Currently they have a 10 kWh battery; cost is not clear (one source says $1500 upfront plus $15/month for 10 years) 2 Source: money.cnn.com/2015/04/22/technology/tesla-home-battery/index.html Pictures from last year

Permanent Magnet DC Motor Example A dc motor has v a = 300 V, a rated armature current i f = 60 A, R a = 0.2 , and a constant k of 3 V/rad/sec. What is the speed, and what is the torque at this speed? What is the starting torque? 3 You cannot calculate the starting torque by first calculating P m and then diving by  m since both are zero at starting. Starting losses can be very high!

PV Powered Water Pumping pumping/ 4

Example: Energy to Pump Water from Shallow Well How many kWh/day are required to pump 250 gallons/day with a 66 ft head ft pressure head assuming 35% efficiency? 5 Cost is about $0.05 or $0.02 per 100 gallons

Water Costs Average person in US uses about 80 gallons per day In CU water is provided by Illinois American Water – Monthly fee is $39.10 for 1 inch supply, and $0.51 per 100 gallons (flat rate) For Springfield, IL water provided by the city (CWLP) – Monthly fee is $26.94 for 1 inch supply, and $2.67 per unit (which is 100 cubic feet or 748 gallons); cost per 100 gallons is $0.357 (flat rate) For Los Angles (also municipal) – No monthly fee, Tier 1 rate is $0.646 per 100 gallons, rising to $0.823 for Tier 2 (Tier 1 allotment is based in part on lot size) 6

Electricity Associated with Water Usage Various numbers have been associated with how much electricity is associated with water uses Depends on location, with Illinois being lower because of more water drawn from wells and less irrigation A California Energy Commission report put the value at 19% for California (see below reference) – Water is often transported long distances, with 6138 kWh/MG for Colorado River Water (about 10 times greater than an Illinois well!); desalination is about kWh/MG (MG is million gallons) – Wastewater treatment is about 2500 kWh/MG 7 gov/2005publications/CEC /CEC SF.PDF

Electricity Associated with Water Usage 8 gov/2005publications/CEC /CEC SF.PDF Total electricity during 2001 was 250,494 GWh

In the News: Because of the drought, California is increasingly turning to desalinating sea water – Largest plant in the Western Hemisphere is coming online in Carlsbad, CA later in 2015 to provide water for 300,000 people in San Diego at a cost of $1 billion – Will produce 54 million gallons per day using a reverse osmosis process – Energy usage is estimated to be between 10 and 14 MWh per million gallons – Another plant just as large is proposed for Huntington Beach – Saudi Arabia is building a plant that will produce 264 million gallons per day 9

Pipe Losses Pipe losses are usually expressed in terms of equivalent head, with values increasing roughly with the square of the flow rate – Example values are given in Table 6.17, with Table 6.18 including additional losses for valves and elbows 10 Plastic pipe losses Units are feet of water per 100 ft of pipe

Pipe Losses Total head is the static head plus the frictional head 11 Frictional Losses for Valves and Elbows Expressed as Equivalent Length in Feet

Example 6.16 Determine total head for below system as function of flow rate 12 Total pipe length, including elbows and valves is ft

Example Efficiency as a Function of Flow Rate, Head and Voltage 13 Figure 6.42 Jacuzzi SJ1C11 Pump Operating points would be determined by the voltage and the total head (static plus frictional)

Example 6.16 Operating Points 14 Pump current can be determined from the head, flow rate, efficiency and voltage

Putting it Together With Solar PV Pump operating points can be determined for a range of voltages; these are superimposed on a solar PV V-I curve 15 This is used to determine how much water the configuration will pump

Microgrids (4 th Solar Configuration) A small electric grid with several generation sources – The microgrid can be configured to operate either connected to the main grid or standalone The military is a key proponent of microgrids, since they would like the ability to operate bases independent of any grid system for long periods of time Renewable generation by be quite attractive because it decreases the need to store large amounts of fossil fuel – Time magazine reported in Nov 2009 that average US solider in Afghanistan requires 22 gallons of fuel per day at an average costs of $45 per gallon 4.Microgrids 16

Hydro Power (Most Widely Used Renewable Resource) Hydro power is the most widely used renewable resource in the world. In US we got 2.3 quad from hydro in 2014 (versus 2.6 quad in 1970). This value is often given in billions of kWh or TWh = 259 TWh in 2014; this is a little less than 3% of total energy, about 6.3% of total electricity. Worldwide hydro dominates for some countries (values in billion kWh (TWh) for 2012): Canada (377, 61%), Brazil (411, 76%), Norway (140, 97%), China (856, 18%), Worldwide (3646, 16.9%) South America is about 61% hydro (715 out of 1177) 17

Growth in Hydro Worldwide 18 Image:

Hydroelectric Power in US/Canada 19

Largest Hydro US: Grand Coulee, WA Largest hydro power station is US is on the Columbia River in Washington State. It was opened in 1942, and now has a total capacity of 6.8 GW – Its hydraulic head is 380 feet; reservoir size is 125 sq miles 20

World’s Largest Hydro: Three Gorges, China Total capacity is 22.5 GW 30 main generators, each with 700 MW capacity e: sandouping- sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg 21

Lighting Africa: Current Situation Total electric consumption in all of Africa for 2008 is 579 TW-h, less than Canada (614). Also, taking out South Africa (240) and Egypt (118) the value is only 221 TW-h for more than 850 million people, a value of about 260 kWh per capita, an average consumption of 30 watts. – Note, this value includes industrial, commercial and residential consumption – For Uganda (33 million people) the per capita is 78 kWh! – Total electric capacity in Africa (excepting South Africa and Egypt) is less than 60 GW, about 1/3 of which is hydro. – Yet Africa has hydro electric capacity of 100’s of GW 22

Lighting Africa, What Could be Coming: Grand Inga, DR Congo Hydro at the Inga dams in Congo (on Congo River) currently have a capacity of 1.8 GW, but the location has a potential of more than 43.5 GW, with energy production of up to 320 TWh! World Bank pledged their support in 2014 Inga 3, which would be first phase of Grant Inga (4800 MW) 23

Possible Pan-Africa Transmission Grid Integrating Grand Inga Picture source: Over time various projects have been proposed to develop a “Pan-Africa” transmission grid, with Grand Inga playing a major role. Funding and political stability are key concerns. 24

Potential Growth in Hydro In 7/2014 EIA projected little future US hydro growth, though potential is there Worldwide projects are for about a 50% growth over the next 40 years Costs of other sources, such as wind and solar, pays strong role 25 Image:

Types of Hydro Impoundment (or Storage) is the most common, usually with a dam used to store river water in reservoir – Multiple dams can be chained together – Management of water usage can get quite complex, with lots of side issues such as flood control and maintaining flow rates for fish – Water released from one reservoir becomes available to the one downstream reservoirs (and plants) – Constraint on total water available over a year (or longer) 26 Image:

Impoundment Example: Columbia River Basin The Columbia River Basin provides about 1/3 of the total US hydro; needs to be jointly managed with Canada 27 Image: