The Atlantic World Chapter Four 1300s-1800s

The Age of Exploration What was the Age of Exploration? What was the Age of Exploration? A time period when Europeans began to explore the rest of the worldA time period when Europeans began to explore the rest of the world How was this possible? How was this possible? Improvements in mapmaking, shipbuilding, rigging, and navigation made long voyages possibleImprovements in mapmaking, shipbuilding, rigging, and navigation made long voyages possible Why did European countries explore? Why did European countries explore? Policy of mercantilism drives explorationPolicy of mercantilism drives exploration Finding new trade routes and trading “partners” were paramountFinding new trade routes and trading “partners” were paramount

What is mercantilism? Policy that stated there was a limited amount of money (gold and silver) in the world Policy that stated there was a limited amount of money (gold and silver) in the world Each country needed to grab what they can before it is goneEach country needed to grab what they can before it is gone Export more than you import in order to create a favorable balance of tradeExport more than you import in order to create a favorable balance of trade Colonies and markets were needed to keep everything in the system Colonies and markets were needed to keep everything in the system

Why did explorers explore? To find a sea route to the spices of Asia To find a sea route to the spices of Asia To find gold, silver, and precious stones To find gold, silver, and precious stones To expand their knowledge of the world To expand their knowledge of the world To control a larger empire To control a larger empire To expand Christianity To expand Christianity To find animal furs To find animal furs “Gold, God, and Glory!” “Gold, God, and Glory!”

The Explorers Portugal Portugal Vasco de GamaVasco de Gama Landed in India in 1498 Landed in India in 1498 Established an important trade route from Europe to India and the East Indies Established an important trade route from Europe to India and the East Indies Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan Sailed for Spain Sailed for Spain His crew completed the first circumnavigation of the world in 1525 His crew completed the first circumnavigation of the world in 1525 Magellan was killed in the Philippines Magellan was killed in the Philippines Only 18 of 250 men and 1 of 5 ships made the full journey Only 18 of 250 men and 1 of 5 ships made the full journey

Voyage of Vasco de Gama

Magellan’s Voyage

The Explorers Spain Spain Vasco Nunez de BalboaVasco Nunez de Balboa 1 st European to see the Pacific Ocean 1 st European to see the Pacific Ocean Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Believed he could reach the Indies faster by traveling west…found North America insteadBelieved he could reach the Indies faster by traveling west…found North America instead Established the Columbian ExchangeEstablished the Columbian Exchange A massive exchange of goods, plants, animals and diseases A massive exchange of goods, plants, animals and diseases Exchange between New and Old Worlds Exchange between New and Old Worlds

The 4 Voyages of Columbus

Columbian Exchange

The Conquistadors Spain Spain Hernan Cortes in MexicoHernan Cortes in Mexico Able to defeat the mighty Aztec Empire Able to defeat the mighty Aztec Empire Used superior weapons, allies, and disease Used superior weapons, allies, and disease 96% of the Aztec population died from % of the Aztec population died from From 25 million to less than 1 millionFrom 25 million to less than 1 million Francisco Pizarro in PeruFrancisco Pizarro in Peru Defeated the Incan Empire (80,000 soldiers) Defeated the Incan Empire (80,000 soldiers) Ambushed and kidnapped the Incan ruler Ambushed and kidnapped the Incan ruler Received ransom then strangled and killed him anyway Received ransom then strangled and killed him anyway

Cortes and the Aztec Montezuma believed that Cortes was a god Montezuma believed that Cortes was a god Invaded Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1520 Invaded Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1520 Was aided by Malinche a native woman translator Was aided by Malinche a native woman translator

Cortes’ Invasion Route

Pizarro and the Inca Inca ruler Atahualpa Inca ruler Atahualpa Spanish ambushed unarmed Incan soldiers and captured Atahualpa Spanish ambushed unarmed Incan soldiers and captured Atahualpa Pizarro was offered a room full of gold and silver, which he accepted Pizarro was offered a room full of gold and silver, which he accepted The Spanish then strangled Atahualpa The Spanish then strangled Atahualpa

The Death of Atahualpa

Francisco Pizzaro

Europeans in North America 1524 Italian Giovanni de Verrazano discovered New York Harbor 1524 Italian Giovanni de Verrazano discovered New York Harbor 1608 Frenchman Samuel de Champlain founded “New France”, today it is Quebec 1608 Frenchman Samuel de Champlain founded “New France”, today it is Quebec 1680 Sieur de La Salle claims the Mississippi River Valley and Louisiana for the French 1680 Sieur de La Salle claims the Mississippi River Valley and Louisiana for the French 1607 The English settle Jamestown in Virginia, this became England’s 1 st permanent settlement 1607 The English settle Jamestown in Virginia, this became England’s 1 st permanent settlement 1609 Henry Hudson finds the “Hudson River” and claims Manhattan Island for the Dutch (then called New Netherlands) 1609 Henry Hudson finds the “Hudson River” and claims Manhattan Island for the Dutch (then called New Netherlands)

Struggle Turns to Conflict England wanted more land in the New World England wanted more land in the New World 1664 Dutch surrender New Netherlands to the English Duke of York and New York is born1664 Dutch surrender New Netherlands to the English Duke of York and New York is born Dispute over lands in the Ohio Valley led to a war in 1754 Dispute over lands in the Ohio Valley led to a war in 1754 This began the Seven Years’ War with FranceThis began the Seven Years’ War with France The battle in the New World was known as the French an Indian War The battle in the New World was known as the French an Indian War

The Atlantic Slave Trade Europeans needed slave labor in their colonies to grow crops, mine, etc. Europeans needed slave labor in their colonies to grow crops, mine, etc. Native Americans were used, but many died due to diseaseNative Americans were used, but many died due to disease Death rate due to disease was extremely high Death rate due to disease was extremely high Africans replaced the Natives as the main source of slave labor for the EuropeansAfricans replaced the Natives as the main source of slave labor for the Europeans Completely changed the trade relationship between Europe and Africa Completely changed the trade relationship between Europe and Africa

The Atlantic Slave Trade Timeline 650 AD Muslims begin using Africans as slaves 650 AD Muslims begin using Africans as slaves Portuguese arrive in Africa in 1400s Portuguese arrive in Africa in 1400s 1500 – 1600 nearly 300,000 Africans were transported to the Americas 1500 – 1600 nearly 300,000 Africans were transported to the Americas England increases the Slave Trade by transporting nearly 1.7 million Africans to the colonies in N. America England increases the Slave Trade by transporting nearly 1.7 million Africans to the colonies in N. America 1870 The Atlantic Slave Trade ends 1870 The Atlantic Slave Trade ends

Atlantic Slave Trade Effects Begins a system of “Triangular Trade” Begins a system of “Triangular Trade” Africa, Europe, and Americas all participateAfrica, Europe, and Americas all participate African rulers and traders made deals with Europeans for slaves African rulers and traders made deals with Europeans for slaves Introduction of guns into African continentIntroduction of guns into African continent Western African economy and empires crumbledWestern African economy and empires crumbled Slaves are transported through the “Middle Passage”Slaves are transported through the “Middle Passage”

Triangular Trade

The Middle Passage The Slave Ships The Slave Ships The captain could be a “tight” or “loose” packerThe captain could be a “tight” or “loose” packer “Tight” meant slaves would be placed lying on each other “Tight” meant slaves would be placed lying on each other Typically 20 percent or more Africans would die on the way to the New World Typically 20 percent or more Africans would die on the way to the New World Disease, malnutrition, beatings, suicide Disease, malnutrition, beatings, suicide Once in the New World Once in the New World Slaves were auctioned of to the highest bidderSlaves were auctioned of to the highest bidder This could easily separate familiesThis could easily separate families Slavery was a life-long condition, as well as hereditarySlavery was a life-long condition, as well as hereditary

The Middle Passage

Slavery in the New World Slave Resistance Slave Resistance Slaves tried to keep their cultural heritageSlaves tried to keep their cultural heritage Musical traditionsMusical traditions Ancestral storiesAncestral stories Slave Rebellion Slave Rebellion Often broke tools or worked slowlyOften broke tools or worked slowly Many ran awayMany ran away Numerous revolts throughout the yearsNumerous revolts throughout the years

The Growth of Global Trade Economic systems of Europe drastically changed Economic systems of Europe drastically changed New wealth from the AmericasNew wealth from the Americas Growth of overseas tradeGrowth of overseas trade Colonial empires that stretched through multiple continents led to a new business and trade practices Colonial empires that stretched through multiple continents led to a new business and trade practices CapitalismCapitalism Joint-Stock CompaniesJoint-Stock Companies

What is Capitalism? Economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources, such as money, for profit Economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources, such as money, for profit Economic system where things are owned by people or an individual, not by a governmentEconomic system where things are owned by people or an individual, not by a government Profits allow individuals and businesses to become extremely wealthy, not just the government Profits allow individuals and businesses to become extremely wealthy, not just the government

What is a Joint-Stock Company? A business in which a number of investors combine their wealth for a common purpose A business in which a number of investors combine their wealth for a common purpose Very similar to a modern-day corporationVery similar to a modern-day corporation Early on in the s the purpose was colonization Early on in the s the purpose was colonization Overseas colonies were very expensive, but could be very profitableOverseas colonies were very expensive, but could be very profitable

Changes in European Society Exploration and colonization led to an economic growth and boom in Europe Exploration and colonization led to an economic growth and boom in Europe Spurred the growth of towns and citiesSpurred the growth of towns and cities Rise of the merchant class with great wealthRise of the merchant class with great wealth European nations became very wealthyEuropean nations became very wealthy Power monarchs increased greatly Power monarchs increased greatly Majority of Europeans still remained poor and rural, however Majority of Europeans still remained poor and rural, however

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