© 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company

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© 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company WILLIAM F. RUDDIMAN EARTH’S CLIMATE PAST and FUTURE SECOND EDITION CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane © 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company

What was the main driver of tectonic timescale climate change? Atmospheric CO2 levels Did atmospheric CO2 levels change with the glacial/interglacial cycles? YES! How do we know they changed? From measurements of air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice Record now goes back over 600,000 years

Courtesy of Paul Mayewski, University of Maine

Courtesy of Paul Mayewski, University of Maine

Courtesy of Paul Mayewski, University of Maine

Activity: What does this figure tell you? When ice volume is low, CO2 levels are at their maximum (280-300 ppmv) and visa versa (minimum 180-190 ppmv) CO2 seems to change roughly in tandem with changes in ice volume What doesn’t this figure tell you? How CO2 levels are related to changes in ice volume

Last full cycle showing error bars on measurements

Atmospheric CO2 and the Ice Ages Activity: Why might these be linked? Hint: what parts of the carbon cycle are affected by the ice ages? Many possibilities: CO2 more soluble in colder ocean Oceanic biologic activity fertilized by glacial dust Changes in ocean pH Potential for positive feedback between CO2 and ice volume (p. 265-266) Problem not solved!

Tracer to look at changes in distribution of C in global carbon reservoirs = carbon isotopes

Which reservoir of C has the largest capacity to absorb extra C?

Evidence that the strength of Thermohaline Circulation has changed with the glacial cycles is clear How exactly this affects the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere is not clear

What is the main source of Methane in nature? Given the insolation the ice-core methane record is compared to on the right, which orbital cycle is driving the change in methane? What climatic phenomenon is driving the change in methane?

What drives what? The Paleoclimatologist’s puzzle According to the graph on the right, which comes first, changes in methane or changes in ice volume? Which came first, changes in CO2 or ice volume? Based on these relationships, Ruddiman argues that CO2 and methane can play a role in forcing ice volume changes and as a feedback mechanism for ice volume changes

precession tilt