Borders in embassy networks : how diplomacy contribute to a new regionalisation of Europe 4 th EUGEO Congress, Rome, 6 September 2013 Antoine Laporte Assistant professor Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon – University of Lyon Research Unit – EVS 5600 (Environnement, Ville, Société)

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-This work takes part of an ESPON Program called ITAN for « Integrated Territorial Analysis of the Neighbourhood » - -Question on the integration of European Union’s neighbour countries

Methodology -In the ESPON ITAN Project -43 capital cities / countries investigated -28 EU member states -3 ESPON member states not-included in EU (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) -6 Balkan countries -6 East and South-East EU neighbouring countries

Number of embassies of each states among the 43 countries investigated In the 43 countries investigated, the country has More than 40 embassies From 30 to 39 embassies From 20 to 29 embassies From 10 to 19 embassies From 5 to 9 embassies Less than 5 embassies

no diplomatic relations diplomatic relations Countries with which Iceland has : diplomatic relations and a resident embassy Countries with which Iceland has : Link to the resident embassy Resident embassies and non-resident embassies

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Hypothesis -Where do the different countries in the world locate their embassies in Europe ? To which embassies are linked the countries that do not house resident embassies ? 1)Hypothesis 1 : Distance principle Are these links directed to capital cities located in neighbour countries? Or at least not too far? 2)Hypothesis 2 : Border principle Do these links cross more borders between countries which are EU or Schengen members? 3)Hypothesis 3 : Region principle Do these links create new European sub-regions, with weak borders inside and bigger outside?

Dependency to neighbour countries Intensity of flows to neighbour country Mean : 63,7 % Less than 10% of … From 10 to 30% of … From 30 to 50% of … From 50 to 70% of … From 70 to 90% of … More than 90% of … Less than 5 non- resident embassies …the non-resident embassies are linked to an embassy located in a neighbour country Hypothesis 1

Distance to resident embassies More than 1000 km From 700 to 1000 km From 400 to 700 km Less than 400 km Distance between the non- resident embassy in the capital city investigated and its corresponding embassy Less than 5 non- resident embassies Hypothesis 1

69 % 42 % 41,9 % 64,9 % 42,5 % 73,5 % 74,2 % 54,1 % Western countries Eastern countries EU membersNon-EU members 45,4 % 33,1 % 500 km 1000 km 54,1 % (Cold War definition) Percentage of corresponding resident embassies within : Hypothesis 1

Crossing EU borders More than 90% of … From 70 to 90% of … From 50 to 70% of … From 30 to 50% of … From 10 to 30% of … Less than 10% of … Less than 5 non- resident embassies …the links cross the EU border Hypothesis 2

Crossing Schengen borders More than 90% of … From 70 to 90% of … From 50 to 70% of … From 30 to 50% of … From 10 to 30% of … Less than 10% of … Less than 5 non- resident embassies …the links cross the Schengen area border Hypothesis 2

Crossing the former Iron Curtain More than 90% of … From 70 to 90% of … From 50 to 70% of … From 30 to 50% of … From 10 to 30% of … Less than 10% of … Less than 5 non- resident embassies …the links cross the former border between East and West Hypothesis 2

Europe’s diplomacy regionalization The countries are linked, if a country is dependant for at least 20% of its non-resident embassies to another country Hypothesis 3

Europe’s diplomacy regionalization Group of countries with strong links * totally independant group no strong link Brussels, London and Paris group Stockholm group Berlin and Vienna group Rome group Bucharest and Kiev group* Belgrade group* Sofia group* Ankara and Moscow group* Hypothesis 3

Europe’s diplomacy regionalization A country is linked to another if it is the main destination of its non-resident embassies Hypothesis 3

no main link directed to this country London group Stockholm group Berlin and Vienna group Rome group Moscow group* Paris group Main links * totally independant group Europe’s diplomacy regionalization Hypothesis 3

Concluding remarks -Borders are crossed a lot, but not always on the line form -No higher discrepancy where the national borders are also EU or Schengen borders. Dependency relations with a smooth structure from West to East -Very strong integration for Switzerland, Norway and Iceland -Strong integration of the Balkan periphery -Diplomatic independance for Turkey, the Ukraine and Russia

Thank you for your attention !

Diplomatic relations in EU+3 + Balkan and BSNC USA, Japan 43 Bulgaria, China, Czech Rep., France, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Romania, Russia 42 Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Finland, Latvia, Mexico, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, United Kingdom 41 … … South Sudan, 3 Micronesia, Tuvalu 2 Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Nauru 1 CountryNumber of resident embassies in EU+3 + Balkan and BSNC USA43 China, France, Germany, Russia 42 Italy, United Kingdom41 Greece, Poland40 Austria, Czech Republic, Turkey 39 …… Antigua and Barbuda and 11 other countries 3 Comores and 6 other countries 2 Kiribati and 4 other countries 1 BSNC : Black Sea Neighbouring Countries

Crossing the former Iron Curtain Links to

Neighbour country All63,7 West72,3 East62,4 EU Member69,2 Not EU Member48,7

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