ICS4U Submitted to: Mr. Krnic By: Danny Shields and Harri Pahirathan The Internet

What Will be Covered SlidesTopic 3-6History of the Internet 7-8Infrastructure of the Internet 9-10Services of The Internet 11-13Computer Languages 14Key Terms 15Conclusion

● The origin of the Internet can be traced to the launch of the first artificial earth satellite. In 1957, the USSR, successfully launched Sputnik, and the United States of America responded with ARPA. ● The Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA) was started by the Department of Defense to establish US supremacy in science and technology applicable to the military and it was within ARPA that the seed for today's Internet was sowed History and Development

● In 1961, Leonard Klienrock presented the first paper on packet- switching. The concept of being able to transfer data in packets is the very core of the Internet. ● Around 1962, in a US Governmental agency RAND, Paul Baran was given the task of creating a super resilient network, which would allow the US army to communicate, and retain control over its missiles and bombers, in the event of a nuclear attack. ● His final proposal was a packet-switched network. This technology involved breaking down the data into packets that would be transferred from one computer to the other until the final destination computer was reached, if the destination was not reached the information was resent

● Ray Tomlinson in 1971 came up with the first program, to send messages across the network. ● This became an instant hit, with sign from Tomlinson's Model 33 Teletype still in use today. ● In 1974, "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection" is published using the term 'Internet‘ for the first time as well as detailing out TCP. ● In 1975, satellite links connected Hawaii and UK as the first TCP tests were run through them by Stanford, BBN and UCLA

● The beginning of the 1990s saw the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access, world.std.com. Making the Internet available to everyone. ● The year 1994 saw the arrival of Internet shopping ● The late 90s saw the independent Internet Service Providers like AT&T, Sprint, BBN planet etc. carrying most of the Internet traffic on their backbones. ● Finally, the present with the Internet’s influence and usage increased, and is still increasing, at a mind-boggling rate. With an estimated 2,405,518,376 Internet users in June 2012, the future is wide open. 1990s-Present

● Internet is a connection of multiple networks ● Computers connect directly or through a Local area network (a group of computers) to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) ● They connect through Application ports: Which is a number assigned to user sessions and server applications in an IP network. ● ISP: are companies that provide connection to the Internet e.g. AT&T, Sprint. ● Since there are multiple different ISP companies. They connect to each other through Network Access Points (NAP) in order to be able to intercommunicate. Infrastructure Concept

● The ISP’s are made up of actual physical buildings called point of presence (POP) located in each region. ● POP’s contain many modems in which individual users and networks modems connect ● All of an ISP’s POP’s are connected by a fiber optic cable backbone to transmit data at high speeds up to mbps as seen in the graphic ● Mbps:(megabits per second)a measure of data transfer speed. Equal to a million binary (1/0) bits being transferred per second. ● Network Access Points (NAP)’s are located in cities connected with routers that are computers that deliver the data where it needs to go ● IP (Internet Protocol)address: a number separated by periods that allows the location of your computer to be pinpointed ● The IP address allows the router to deliver the data precisely where it needs to go, without causing unnecessary traffic Infrastructure Hardware twork/uunet-map.html

The Internet offers services such as: ● ● File sharing ● Streaming media ● Gaming ● The World Wide Web Services

● The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of webpages found on the Internet which allow users to access immense quantities data and media ● The (WWW) is stored on Web Servers: which are computers or computer systems that store and deliver web page data to the client computer ● The World Wide Web is Made possible by: ● Domain Names: Easy to remember names that correspond to specific IP addresses ● Domain Name Servers (DNS): A server that maintains domain names and converts them into IP addresses to access specific resources. ● Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol that allows computers to communicate. It comes at the beginning of most website addresses, and signals a request to receive or transmit files over the Internet. ● Uniform Resource Locater (URL): Is a web address that specifies the location of a web resource on a computer network, which allows the resource to be retrieved World Wide Web

● Scripting languages are a programming language which is interpreted at run-time. This means that every time you want to run the program, a separate program needs to read the code, interpret it, and then follow the instructions in the code. ● Compiled code is code that has already been interpreted into machine language, so it is will typically execute faster because the conversion into machine language has already been done. ● PHP is an example of a scripting language, PHP: Is freely available and used primarily on Linux Web servers, in order to process data inputted onto web pages. Scripting Languages

● Markup languages (HTML, XML) are simply a set of tags that are used to "mark up" text documents so that sections of text can be logically arranged and labeled. ● These documents can be viewed as plain text, or, more commonly, are viewed through a browser. The browser parses the document, looking for markup tags, and it then arranges the text and/or formats it according to the values in the tags. ● Most of the web pages on the WWW are written using the HTML Markup language, HTML: Hypertext Markup Language, is a standardized system for tagging text files to achieve font, color, graphic, and hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages. MarkUp Languages

● ActionScript: An object oriented programming language designed specifically for website animations. ● Action script is used to create onscreen environments for which the user can interact, applications such as games and tutorials ● The language is similar to JavaScript JavaScript: is another object- oriented computer programming language which is commonly used to create interactive effects within web browsers. ● Java script is simplified using jQuery: which is a library designed to simplify the client side of object oriented programming in HTML. ● Originally released with macromedia Flash 4, derived from another language called HyperTalk ● ActionScript works with Flash Player ● New versions of both ActionScript and Flash Player are consistently released by Adobe ActionScript

● ISP:(Internet service provider) is a company that provides individuals and other companies access to the Internet and other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting. ● Mbps: stands for millions of bits per second or megabits per second and is a measure of bandwidth (the total information flow over a given time) on a telecommunications medium. ● IP addresses: a unique string of numbers separated by periods that identifies each computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate over a network ● DNS: Domain Name System, a system for naming computers and network services that is organized into a hierarchy of domains. ● URL: Uniform Resource Locator and is a reference (an address) to a resource on the Internet. ● Domain names: the part of a network address that identifies it as belonging to a particular domain. ● application ports: TCP/IP port. TCP/IP port. A number assigned to user sessions and server applications in an IP network. ● web servers: are computers that deliver (serves up) Web pages. Every Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain name. ● HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol and is defined as the beginning of most website addresses, used to signal a request to receive or transmit files over the Internet. ● JavaScript: an object-oriented computer programming language commonly used to create interactive effects within web browsers. ● PHP: script language and interpreter that is freely available and used primarily on Linux Web servers, in order to process data inputted onto web pages. ● jQuery: cross-platform JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side of object oriented programming in HTML. ● HTML: Hypertext Markup Language, a standardized system for tagging text files to achieve font, color, graphic, and hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages. ● ActionScript: an object-oriented programming language originally developed by Macromedia Inc. (now dissolved into Adobe Systems). Key Terms Review

Conclusion The Internet comes from the conflict between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R and was created to control armaments, where the packet-switching network was first introduced The 70’s saw the creation of and interconnection of university networks The 90’s created the boom in personal Internet use The Internet involves many physically interconnected networks WWW is one of the services of the Internet and is used to provide data and media from the Internet The Internet uses scripting and markup languages to provide content Markup languages like HTML provide the layout and design Scripting languages like Action Script and PHP provide web animations through object oriented programming

● ● ● ● language.jpg/revision/latest?cb= language.jpg/revision/latest?cb= ● ● Internet Internet ● ● -marketing-plan-tips.jpg -marketing-plan-tips.jpg ● content/uploads/2013/11/packetswitching.jpg content/uploads/2013/11/packetswitching.jpg ● ● ● ● ● _services_.html _services_.html ● te-detlev-van-ravenswaay.jpg Bibliography