Principles of Classical Conditioning

V-voluntary O-operant I-involuntary C-classical E-extra (no purpose. The E only completes the word)

Classical Conditioning Neutral Stimulus (NS) Conditioned stimulus (CS) A stimulus that, because of learning, will evoke a response Unconditioned Stimulus (US) A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response

Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Response (UR) This is a non-learned response, reflexes. Conditioned response (CR) These are learned responses

Principles of Classical Conditioning During the training phase, or acquisition phase, a conditioned response must be reinforced. Classical conditioning is then reinforced when the Conditioned stimuli is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. We must try to link the bell with the lemon juice, which should be done immediately. Best delay is.5 seconds---  5 seconds What is Generalization vs. Discrimination?

Principles of Classical Conditioning For many of today’s examples, we are going to use the following scenario: In order for us to observe conditioning occurring, we could ring a bell, pour lemon juice into someone’s mouth, and eventually condition salivation to the bell. We could use these reactions to analyze other aspects of classical conditioning.

Higher Order Conditioning Higher Order Conditioning occurs after the response is actually learned, or after we learn to salivate when the bell is ringed. Extending it a step. Classical conditioning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning. Is this Higher order conditioning?

Principles of Classical Conditioning How does conditioning actually occur? Psychologists feel that as we work at detecting associations, we also create new expectations. Anticipations of future events

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery We briefly talked about this last block Extinction occurs when the US never again follows the CS. The CR will gradually be weakened until it no more is evident/extinct. Spontaneous Recovery can occur as well.

With a partner, you have the remainder of the block to research any experiment of your choice that pertains to learning and conditioning. Your end product will be a presentation of 1-2 minutes describing your chosen experiment. Things to consider when researching and preparing your presentation: 1) Summary of the Experiment 2) Findings of the Experiment 3) Impact that the experiment has had on psychology 4) Impact that the experiment can have on life outside psychology 5) Interesting points you found, be creative

Operant Conditioning Differs from classical conditioning because we associate responses with their consequences. Based on the principle that things that are reinforced tend to be repeated.

Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning was relatively passive, things happen to the learner Operant Conditioning is when learning is voluntary by the learning Reward===========Reinforcer

Operant Conditioning Much of what has been learned, was done in a conditioning chamber (Skinner Box) designed for studying operant conditioning. Rewards/Reinforcers are used to change the frequency of responses.

Operant Conditioning Just like with Classical Conditioning, Operant is based on expectancies as well. Operant Reinforcement works the very best when it is response contingent, given only after a desired response has occurred

Operant Conditioning What about superstitious behaviors?

Operant Conditioning Like we have discussed previously, to get pets to do complicated tricks we use shaping. This gradual molding of responses relies on successive approximations where we get closer and closer to the end response.

Operant Conditioning Just like there was extinction in classical conditioning, operant extinction occurs as well. Negative Attention Seeking

Operant Conditioning We have been discussing Positive Reinforcements Pleasant or desirable event follows a response Negative Reinforcement Making a response removes an unpleasant event Negative Reinforcement is not a punishment

Operant Conditioning Punishments differ from negative reinforcements because a punishment any event following a response that will decrease the likelihood that it will occur again. Another type of punishment is called response cost Things such as fines, parents grounding children, parking tickets, or loss of allowance.

Operant Conditioning Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers Primary Reinforcers are the natural, non-learned, reinforcers that have their root in biology Food and water Secondary reinforcers are the things such as money, praise, attention, approval, success, affection, and grades. Which have more impact? A2-What did the article say?

Learning Theorists research You have the remainder of the block to research the following learning and conditioning theorists. -Albert Bandura -BF Skinner -Ivan Pavlov -John Watson -Edward Thorndike -John Garcia After you have finished researching, you need to choose one of the theorists that you feel is the most important and create a biography poster. -Background -Contributions -Why they are the most important -Real-life implications -Images Beliefs, Research/Experiments, Contributions