Classification of Living Things

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________ Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers? __________________________ How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to? TAXONOMY CHARACTERISTICS EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________ more than 2000 years ago. (300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE

Aristotle 384 B.C.E. (Before Common Era) Classified organisms as either plants or animals He developed the first two kingdoms Today we now have six identified kingdoms Animal, plant, protist, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi 4

Aristotle’s Classification System

16 th Century Classification System

17 th Century

Problems? Common names (popular name)can be misleading Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is!

Problems? Common names vary from place to place Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal

Problems? Same organisms have different names in different countries. Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from:

Solution? Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis PROBLEMS? Names too hard and long to remember! “oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair like bristles ” Names don’t show relationships between different animals

Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Devised a new classification system based on _________________ (Organism’s form and structure) ( ) MORPHOLOGY Image from:

Carolus Linnaeus Classification system Taxonomic groups of related organisms Came up with the scientific name (two names) Homo sapiens Also known as binomial nomenclature 14

Linnaeus’s System Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________ HIERARCHY SCIENTIFIC NAME

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Species Organisms that can only reproduce with their own kind. 18 ?

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Each is called a taxa or taxon.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo

Scientific Name Vampire bat Desmodus rotundus Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Image from: Image from:

Our Scientific Name Humans Homo sapiens Image from:

Classification of Man KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderPrimates FamilyHominidae GenusHomo SpeciesHomo sapiens 24

Modern Taxonomy Kidspiration by Riedell

Hint for 6 Kingdoms: Aunt = Archaebacteria Patty = Protist Eats= Eubacteria Pizza = Plant And = Animal Fruit = Fungi

Kingdom Eubacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall ◦ peptidoglycan 27

Kingdom Archaebacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA ◦ Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall ◦ Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only 28

Kingdom Protist Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food 29

Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall ◦ Chitin Absorb food 30

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall ◦ Cellulose Produce food (autotroph) ◦ photosynthesis 31

Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotroph Movement for survive Sexual Reproduction 32

MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of _________________ Evolution How the organism has changed over time…years.

Cladogram Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms Each clad (group) share something in common Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later 34

Cladogram for Transportation Wheels are the most ancestral Wings are the most derived 35

Construct a Cladogram 36

Gorilla Four limbs Fur Lost tail 37

Tiger Four limbs Fur Tail 38

Lizard Four limbs Tail 39

Fish Tail 40

Chimpanzee Four limbs Fur Lost tail 41

Clad With 4 Limbs 42

Clad With Fur 43

Clad With No Tail 44

Gorilla Tail? How do we know the gorilla lost its tail? 45

Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail 46 Gorilla Human

47 Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

MODERN TAXONOMY Fossil record Morphology Scientists use different kinds of info to classify organisms: 1.___________________ 2.____________________ 3.______________________ 4.______________________ 5.______________________ Embryology: development in womb Chromosomes DNA How organisms have changed over time Shape and function Embryology= zygote, embryo, fetus

1. FOSSIL RECORD Evolutionary history = _____________ PHYLOGENY We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record.

2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function Image from:

Bat wing and human arm develop from same embryonic structures Image from:

Bird wing and butterfly wing have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside. Insects and birds NOT closely related! ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

3. EMBRYOLOGY Image from: Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related

Kidspiration by Riedell Image sources: see end of show

Image Sources