PIA 2501 WEEK SIX

Discussion: Assessment of Development Policy Progress? (Joyce Cary) Is progress the answer? Violence? (Carlos Fuentes and Kushwant Singh) Is development the answer?

Discussion In Our Image (France, U.S., Portugal) Is assimilation the answer? In the Philippines, South East Asia, Middle East / Africa? Latin America: Just Spain?

The Problems of Development Management: Discussion Quote of the Week: "The Human Condition being what it was, let them fight, let them love, let them murder, I would not be involved." Graham Greene

Graham Greene The Quiet American- THEMES The US Mission The Third Force The Advantage of the Revolutionaries The French View?

Graham Greene The Quiet American Characters The American and the American’s theory of development The British Journalist--Engage? The Vietnamese Woman (Passive?)

Graham Greene Conclusions about Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy? Compare with Lederer and Burdick

Development Planning Next Two Weeks “Going Operational- What that means” Theory vs. Policy vs. Management

Development Planning Prologue: The European and Colonial Origins of Planning Soviet Union--New Economic Period in the 1920s and the use of the five- year plan British India--1930s. National planning and industrialization

Prologue: Planning Eastern vs. Western Europe after WWII Britain in the 1950s--Labour Party flirts with plans Two varieties: Command vs. Keynesianism

Development Planning: An Overview- Four Themes Planning Defined Planning Goals Anti-Planning Structural Adjustment and Projects

Definitions of Development Planning: Overview Planning is the application of rational ordered choice to social and economic affairs.

Question Is this an oxymoron?

Definitions of Development Planning: Government Function Development planners and development administrators are action-oriented and goal-oriented civil servants striving to promote economic and social development

Definitions of Development Planning Development planning is the setting of priorities for the use of scarce resources

Development Planning GOALS

Goals of Development Planning Foster economic growth Strengthen human and organizational capacities Plan and develop physical infrastructure (roads, dams, railways, buildings, etc.)

Goals of Development Planning, continued Promotion of greater equality in distribution of opportunities Provide framework for wider participation in the economic system Support social capital development in the form of stronger families, communities, interest associations and grass-root institutions

Development Planning as a Process Goal is to change societal behavior: At the center: original goal planning the National Plan monitoring and managing the economy includes setting targets and achievement of goals

Development Planning and Organization At the center, overall goals are set through National Plan (the wish list) and through monitoring and “managing” the economy planners set targets and measure goals Key emphasis placed on local government authorities, extension services, and district administrations for service delivery

Development Planning: Local Level In regions and districts, planner has a coordination responsibility that includes in some cases social mobilization (Forced?) At regional and local level, goals are regional planning, coordination and mobilization Overall--government agents or their contractors act as change agents, and provide “stimulus” to society

PLANNING AND SOCIETY

Development Planning as Socialization Planning includes secondary and tertiary socialization, but not primary socialization

Development Planning as Socialization Primary—Family; before school Secondary--Primary and Secondary Education Tertiary--Adult (including Higher education and On the Job) Problem: Social Engineering

Development Planning Overall Assumption Classical Assumption Role of the government agent is: ACT AS A CHANGE AGENT and Provide necessary stimulation to society to ensure change

Discussion Assess the idea of forced social engineering

Development Planning Assumptions Development Planning as a Concept State will continue to serve as engine of development Goal will be to change society, economy and political structures

Development Planning “The Devil is in the Details” An Old Philosopher

Implementation Major responsibility for development lies with Planning official at the national and local level Development change occurs because of planned action Assumes Political and administrative leadership have made decision to effect improvement in the social system

Development Planning Assumptions Assumed that development occurs because of planned change Originally, Keynesian planners saw state taking a major role in providing leadership to improve standards of living in LDCs

Development Planning Assumptions- Continued Development Planning accepts premises of Development Administration: State bureaucracy should take major role in social mobilization, economic transformation and increases in productivity; define policy goals for society Rejected by some advocates of Development Management

Political Assumptions with Development Planning Assumes political and administrative leadership have made the decision to effect changes in the system This is a meeting point of both counter-dependency strategy and modernization Need to strengthen administrative capacity in development economics and planning area

Administrative Assumptions Depends upon “administrative capacity”: Institutional arrangements for planning, planning agencies, management systems and processes that are innovative

Social Assumptions Assumes that there can be state managed social mobilization Basic premise: planning is setting of priorities for use of scarce resources through use of rational rather than political processes

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Problems

Bad Planning Discovered From Program to Project Planning: Failure in Africa Ethiopia- Mengistu Haile Mariam declares a Leninist state in million face starvation in Horn of Africa "We are the World" leads to Donor Fatigue

Bad Planning Discovered Illness and death of Brezhnev in Soviet Union The Change: Russia and Structural Adjustment Planning- The “Ivory Tower” problem Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher at height of their power

End of assumption- Progress is inevitable Robert McNamara resigns from World Bank- New and Different Demands Institutions and basic needs abandoned Export Economies--Minerals, agricultural commodities and livestock: Orthodoxy Key to Growth

Perception of Development Problems- Planning Bad The Change: End of Cold War International conflict shifts from East- West rivalry and cold war to ethnic, regional and internal conflicts culminating in September 11.

Development Planning: Failure of Command Economies Transitional conflicts in Angola, Mozambique- Cold War Proxies CIS and Central Europe become part of development portfolio Cambodia, Nicaragua (Central America) Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo,

Failure of Command Economies Afghanistan and Iraq in the 1990s Sudan: A Thirty Years War Terrorism and the Failure of Development

End of assumption Orthodoxy: Overseas capital investment Accept Foreign or "Pariah" group ownership and control of trade and commerce A New Reality: Local soft political institutions, weak private sectors

Change: the Neo- Orthodoxy The Realities: To End of 1980s Focus on anti-Marxist, growth regimes Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Chile, South Africa Politics not important

Neo-Orthodoxy No development management- development programs are “bad” Can’t make planning better Neo-Orthodoxy and privatization

To what extent is the state planning approach possible? Bureaucratic, administrative and political constraints constitute a major limitation Development strategies often parallel but ignore political realities

Neo-Orthodoxy View of Planning Five year plans of over 1500 pages for a country of less than a million people Part of unfulfilled rhetoric of development National Planning replaced by local and regional planning (and Projects

Failures of Planning A Problem: The limits on political compromise and local level autonomy Failure of Development and the limits of the econometric model Failure of planning blamed on weak planning and administrative capacity Planning was a “shopping list”

PICARD “Unpaid Editorial”

The Problem: Bad Planning and Foreign Aid 1. Bureaucrats/practitioners ignored development theories & ideas 2. LDC Development Institutes were largely irrelevant as training centers--donors used overseas training

The Problem 3. Development administration did little to deal with issues of population control, food production and rural development 4. Foreign aid was little more than a front for foreign policy

Anti-Planning: Neo- Orthodoxy Planning illustrates problem of soft-state and inability of state to impose its will on society- Planning Part of the Problem

Counter-Orthodoxy Argument Bureaucracies are socio-economic actors Good example: Land reform and bureaucracies A study of 25 major land reforms--in 15 cases the bureaucracy was major beneficiary in the process

But…. Donors Need Planning Skills “National Program Support Office, Afghanistan” (October, 2005) Project Management Unit (PMU)

The Middle View The Moderate Interpretation of Development Administration Failures Goal: Balance Public-Private Partnerships