PATTERNS OF HEREDITY Group 3 Queen Noga Tour, King Kadison Feldman, Princess Maddy Gotta, Prince Tinka Peterka, Grange

Human Heredity Karyotype- photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs Sex chromosomes- determine an individuals sex (XX for females, XY for males) Autosomes- chromosome that is not a sex chromosomes. (44 autosomes)

Pedigree- chart that shows family relationships; used to track inheritance of certain traits. Horizontal lines represent mating Vertical lines represent offspring Shaded shapes have the trait Human Traits & Pedigrees Males Females

Autosomal Dominant- shaded individuals HAVE the trait & must have the DOMINANT allele (at least one capital letter) tt TT Tt

Human Traits & Pedigrees Autosomal Recessive- shaded individuals HAVE the trait & they are homozygous recessive (2 lowercase letters) Tt tt T?

The function of genes is to tell the cell to make proteins DNA is packaged into chromosomes Our genes encode the instructions that define our traits Vocab: 1.Complex traits- traits that are shaped by more than one genes 2.Allele- a form of a gene which codes for one possible outcome of a phenotype – Individuals only have 2 alleles (one from their mother, one from their father) 3.Polygenic- the inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes, which may have more than one alleles

Human Blood Types There are 3 alleles for the gene that determines blood type AlleleCodes for… I A Type A I B Type B IType O Type A Genotypes: I A I A, I a i Type B Genotypes: I B I B, I b i Type AB Genotype: I A I B Type O Genotype: ii

Sex-Linked Traits Designating Sex-Linked Traits – X A = normal – X a = possesses the trait – Y = neutral – X-linked traits may skip generations – Affects males more often than females because they only have one X chromosome GenotypePhenotype XAXAXAXA Normal female XAXaXAXa Normal female; carrier XaXaXaXa Female w/ trait XAYXAYNormal Male XaYXaYMale w/ trait

Multiple Alleles Allele- form of a gene which codes for one possible outcome of a phenotype There may be multiple alleles in a population, but individuals have only 2 of them Half of genes are inherited from mom and half are inherited from dad, so we end up with 2 alleles for every trait

Incomplete Dominance In Blood type GenotypeResulting blood type I A i=HomozygousI A i = Type A ii= heterozygousIi- Type O I B i i = HomozygousI B i = Type B When 2 heterozygous blood types combine, they create a new blood type.

Co-dominance in Blood type When Both blood types are dominant, a new blood type is formed GenotypeResulting Blood type I A I A = homozygous dominantI A I A= Type A I A I B = heterozygousI A I B = Type AB I B I B = homozygous dominantI B I B =Type B

Questions

Fill in the pedigree a. TT b. Tt c. tt d. T?

Fill in the Pedigree a.X A X A b.X A X a c.X a X a d.X A Y e.X a Y f.X A X ?

18) A couple has a baby. The man has blood type O, and the woman has blood type AB. What blood types can the baby have? a. Type O and AB b. Type A and B c. Type O d. Type A and O

19) How many men w/ressisive trait are in this un colored pedigree? TTtt Tt TTTt tt Tt TT a.6 b.0 c.1 d.4

ANSWERS 1)C 2)B 3)B 4)B 5)C 6)B 7)C 8)D 9)C 10)C 11)B 12)B

13)B 14)D 15)F 16)E 17)F 18) B 19) D MORE ANSWERS