Conflicting “True” trees Possible resolution: Eukaryotes are a fusion.

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Presentation transcript:

Conflicting “True” trees

Possible resolution: Eukaryotes are a fusion

from M. Sogin

Популяционная генетика - 1

Эволюция: движение в пространстве состояний - МАКРОЭВОЛЮЦИЯ движение в пространстве ЧАСТОТ состояний - МИКРОЭВОЛЮЦИЯ Происходит в ПОПУЛЯЦИЯХ

Факторы эволюции мутации отбор половое размножение генетико-автоматические процессы (генетический дрейф) миграция

Факторы эволюции мутации отбор половое размножение генетико-автоматические процессы (генетический дрейф) миграция

Мутации мутационное равновесие: модель двух аллелей:

Мутации мутационное равновесие: модель двух аллелей:

Мутации мутационное равновесие: модель двух аллелей:

Мутации мутационное равновесие: модель двух аллелей: модель ∞ числа аллелей

Data on mutation rates SpeciesMethodResults Estimate - normal:Per nucleotide, if not stated otherwise Neel et al., 1986 Homo sapiens1 generation, electrophoresis 1.8 x per protein Nachman & Crowell, 2000 Homo sapiensMany generations (Homo-Pan) 2.2 x Kondrashov, 2003 Homo sapiens1 (or few) generations Mendelian phenotypes 1.8 x Denver & Lynch, 2004 C. elegans300 generations, direct sequencing 2.0 x mitochondria Mukai 1964, 1972D. melanogaster100 generations, fitness1 per genome Keightley et al., 2007 D. melanogaster100 generations, direct sequencing 0.8x10 -8 Estimate - hot-spots: Jeffreys et al., 2002Homo sapiens1 generation (sperm), direct sequencing per "locus"

Data on mutation rates SpeciesMethodResults Estimate - normal:Per nucleotide, if not stated otherwise Neel et al., 1986 Homo sapiens1 generation, electrophoresis 1.8 x per protein Nachman & Crowell, 2000 Homo sapiensMany generations (Homo-Pan) 2.2 x Kondrashov, 2003 Homo sapiens1 (or few) generations Mendelian phenotypes 1.8 x Denver & Lynch, 2004 C. elegans300 generations, direct sequencing 2.0 x mitochondria Mukai 1964, 1972D. melanogaster100 generations, fitness1 per genome Keightley et al., 2007 D. melanogaster100 generations, direct sequencing 0.8x10 -8 Estimate - hot-spots: Jeffreys et al., 2002Homo sapiens1 generation (sperm), direct sequencing per "locus"

Data on mutation rates at 20 human loci where loss-of-function mutations cause Mendelian diseases. Because mutations occur regardless of their impact on fitness, these data probably also describe the rate of occurrence of beneficial and neutral mutations. Kondrashov Hum Mutat 2003

≈10 9 bp

Petrov et al. Science 2000

Drosophila Laupata

Petrov et al. Theor Pop Biol 2002

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