Psychology 3051 Psychology 305B: Theories of Personality Lecture 22

2 Exam: April 26th, 7:00 – 9:00 PM West Mall Swing Space 121 The exam is worth 20% of your final grade. The exam will include 30 multiple choice questions (1 point each) and several short answer questions (ranging in value from 2 – 8 points each). It will be scored out of 50. Please bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and your student ID to the exam. Note that hats (e.g., baseball caps) should not be worn during the exam. The final exam will cover Chapters 14, 16, and 17 from the textbook and any material discussed in class since the last exam.

Psychology 3053 Analysis of the Personality of a Social Activist Mohandas Gandhi Discussion Questions 1.Maslow maintained that, in the hierarchy of conative needs, lower-order needs have greater strength, potency, and priority than higher-order needs. Were Gandhi’s actions consistent with this assertion? 2.Would Maslow’s hierarchy of conative needs adequately explain motivation in collectivistic cultures (e.g., Asian, African, Southern and Eastern European cultures)? Lecture 22

Psychology 3054 Discussion Questions, continued 3.How does Maslow’s notion of the self-actualizer differ from Rogers’ notion of the fully functioning person? Can both concepts be applied to Gandhi? 4. Towards the end of his life, Maslow identified a subgroup of self-actualizers that he referred to as “transcendent self-actualizers.” Can Gandhi be described as a transcendent self-actualizer? Explain.

Psychology 3055 Discussion Questions, continued 5.Presumably, Gandhi had an above average IQ. However, if we consider multifaceted theories of intelligence (e.g., Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences), which type(s) of intelligence would best characterize Gandhi? 6.Following from the 2D model of masculinity-femininity, is Gandhi best described as stereotypically masculine, stereotypically feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated? Would contemporary theorists describe him as gender schematic or aschematic?

Psychology 3056 Discussion Questions, continued 7. Grouzet et al. (2005) represent goals in a two- dimensional circumplex in which adjacent goals are compatible and distant goals are incompatible. Using this circumplex, discuss Gandhi’s primary goals as a student, young man, and social activist. 8. Powers (1973) proposed the notions of system concepts, principles, and programs in discussing feedback hierarchies. Describe Gandhi’s system concepts, principles, and programs during his efforts to obtain independence for India.

Psychology 3057 Factors that may account for self-actualization in the absence of lower-order need satisfaction (Heylighenl, 1991): 1.Prior need satisfaction (a temporal factor). 2. Perceived (i.e., subjective) competence to satisfy lower-order needs (a cognitive factor). Perceived competence emerges from (a) material competence and (b) cognitive competence.

Psychology 3058 Physiological Needs Safety Needs Belonging Needs Esteem Needs Self- Actualization Needs (in the service of the individual) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Conative Needs

Psychology 3059 Self-actualization in individualistic cultures (e.g., North American and Western European cultures) is defined as the highest order of individual development. Self-actualization in individualistic cultures is reflected in statements such as “You owe it to yourself to be the best you can be by fulfilling your potential to ….”

Psychology Belonging Needs Physiological Needs Safety Needs Self- Actualization Needs (in the service of society) A Hierarchy of Conative Needs for Collectivistic Cultures (The People’s Republic of China; Nevis, 1983)

Psychology Self-actualization in collectivistic cultures is defined as the highest order of individual competence for reasons related to societal development. Self-actualization in collectivistic cultures is reflected in statements such as “My country needs me to be the best that I can be because ….” or “It is my duty to do the best for my community.”

Psychology Transcendent self-actualizers: People whose actualization goes beyond the self to become universal in nature.

Psychology Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Maintains that there are 3 facets of intelligence: 1. Analytical facet 2. Creative facet 3. Practical facet

Psychology Linguistic intelligence 2. Logical mathematical intelligence 3. Spatial intelligence 4. Musical intelligence 5. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence 6. Intrapersonal intelligence 7. Interpersonal intelligence 8. Naturalist intelligence Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Maintains that there are 8 types of intelligence:

Psychology High Masculinity High Femininity Low Masculinity Low Femininity Stereotypically Feminine Stereotypically Masculine Undifferentiated Androgynous

16 Circumplex of Goals (Grouzet et al., 2005) Self-Transcendence Physical Self ExtrinsicIntrinsic Conformity Popularity Spirituality Community Affiliation Self-Acceptance Hedonic Pleasure Financial Success ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Psychology System Concept: A highly abstract guide for behaviour E.g., one’s ideal self. Principle: Broad qualities of behaviour, which can be displayed in many ways. Correspond to traits. E.g., honest. Program: Specifies a course of action. Corresponds to a script or strategy. E.g., tell the truth.