SOCIAL STUDIES 11 Canada in the Post War World: Chapter 6- Canada & the Post-War World Middle Power, Cold War, Politics, Foreign Policy

Canada in the Post War World The transition into post-war Canada was smoother after WW II than the transition from WW I. Past experience had alerted the government to the needs of returning soldiers and the changes required for a successful transition to a peace-time economy.

Keeping You Sharp Which group of Canadian veterans was denied access to benefits at the end of World War Two? A. Canadian Army B. Royal Canadian Navy C. Canadian Merchant Navy D. Royal Canadian Air Force

The Gouzenko Affair Of concern was the admission by a Russian cipher clerk of the existence of a Soviet spy ring in Canada. Igor Gouzenko’s divulgence of this information resulted in a realization by Canada that it was not removed from international affairs and especially the affairs of its southern neighbour the United States of America. It would open a new era in foreign affairs.

Igor Gouzenko A cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. He defected on Sept. 5, 1945 with 109 documents on Soviet espionage activities in the West.

The Cold War Begins The U.S.A. and Russia would square off as the world’s superpowers. As a result of the escalation of nuclear weapons and differing political views, the two nations would confront each other with challenges for control of developing nations. The superpowers would engage in small scale wars while continually endeavouring to gather secret information through espionage and spy rings.

Keeping You Sharp What two ideologies were in conflict during the Cold War? A. anarchy and socialism B. democracy and fascism C. communism and democracy D. communism and totalitarianism

Keeping You Sharp Which newspaper headline is associated with the Korean War? A. “Canadian soldiers resolve crisis!” B. “Asian conflict; Canada remains neutral!” C. “Invasion of oil-rich country leads to war!” D. “International conflict results in a stalemate!”

The Cold War World

NATO and The Warsaw Pact This relationship would become known as the Cold War and would manifest itself in battles in Korea, Vietnam, Egypt, and Cuba. Defensive posturing would result in the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization of democratic countries and the Warsaw Pact, an alliance of communist countries. The hope of N.A.T.O. was to stop or limit the spread of communism, the “red menace”.

MAP: Countries of the NATO Alliance

Planning for Peace: The United Nations The United Nations, a predecessor to the ineffective League of Nations, was created in 1945 in San Francisco formulated on the principle of collective security. This organization could publicly condemn offending nations, impose economic boycotts, and engage military force through its Security Council. The five permanent members of the UN Security Council are: Great Britain, France, the U.S.A., Russia, and China (they all have the power of “veto”).

The United Nations Building, NYC

Planning for Peace: The United Nations Canada would be an active member of the U.N. participating in many aspects of the organizations structure. Canada would be a member of the prestigious Security Council in every decade of the U.N.’s existence. It would be Lester B. Pearson, who would become Prime Minister of Canada in 1963, who suggested a solution to the Suez Crisis with the deployment of an international peace keeping force to maintain the peace.

Keeping You Sharp

Lester B. Pearson Lester Bowles "Mike" Pearson (23 April 1897 – 27 December 1972) A Canadian statesman, diplomat and politician who was made a Nobel Laureate in Fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 22, 1963, until April 20, 1968

Planning for Peace: The United Nations The United Nations is committed to the betterment of people’s lives through its many agencies including the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and the International Monetary Fund. Canada has participated in many of these agencies as well as development projects, aid during natural disasters, and refugee assistance.

Towards a More Independent Defence Policy Military apprehension would lead Canada to closer ties with the U.S.A (and decreasing association with Great Britain). Canada would commit to the N.O.R.A.D agreement in 1957, a combined defensive effort of North America by combined Canadian and American efforts (mostly American).

Keeping You Sharp

NORAD Headquarters Colorado

Towards a More Independent Defence Policy The Americans would install three “warning systems” throughout Canada purposed to intercept inter-continental ballistic missiles that if launched would travel over Canada on their way to either the U.S.A. or Russia. Canada would keep an army brigade and several air squadrons in Europe and Canadians ships and planes would track Russian submarines.

Planned Route of ICBM’s

Towards a More Independent Defence Policy The Canadian government would develop civil defence plans for citizens and those more fearful, would construct “bomb shelters”. Canadians would also become more conscious of “communist” ideologies and sympathies. Defence industries “screened” their workers and unions were eyed with a “watchful eye”.

1950’s Fallout Shelter Handbook

Towards a More Independent Defence Policy The situation in Canada did not parallel the American intensity. Senator McCarthy initiated a “witch-hunt” in the U.S.A. for communists and communists sympathizers with his House Committee on Un-American Activities. McCarthy’s persecution of many innocent Americans through this commission would ruin many of their lives.

CARTOON: Senator Joseph McCarthy What is the cartoon about? What is the cartoon suggesting about the evidence McCarthy is presenting? What does the cartoon suggest might happen to McCarthy’s future?

The Nuclear Issue in Canada In the 1960’s tensions existed between the presidents of the U.S.A. and Canadian prime ministers, probably a result of a lack of total commitment by Canada to U.S. defence efforts. Both Prime Ministers Diefenbaker and Pearson would have confrontations with Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Canada was hesitant during the Cuban missile crisis and Pearson was hesitant to allow nuclear warheads on American missiles on Canadian soil.

Keeping You Sharp During the Cold War, over what military issue did Lester Pearson and John Diefenbaker disagree? A. Canada’s participation in NATO B. Canada’s sovereignty in the Arctic C. the expansion of Canadian forces in Europe D. the presence of nuclear weapons on Canadian soil

The Avro Arrow A shining moment occurred with the development of the Avro Arrow, a supersonic jet fighter. It was well ahead of its time technologically but would be scrapped by the Diefenbaker government who maintained modern day warfare would be fought with intercontinental missiles rather than jet fighters.

The AVRO Arrow

The Avro Arrow It was also a Liberal inspired project and Diefenbaker was a Conservative. Some thought the project was submarined by the U.S.A. because they had not developed the technology. It is ironic that most of the world’s minor conflicts since then have utilized jet fighters almost exclusively.

Keeping You Sharp Which of the following was a result of Canada’s decision to cancel the Avro Arrow project? A. greater economic growth B. increased dependency on the US military C. withdrawal of its membership from NORAD D. decreased involvement with the United Nations

The Vietnam War Canada did not participate in the Vietnam War although some Canadian weapons companies provided equipment to the U.S. military. Many Canadians were unimpressed with the killing of civilians by American troops.

Trudeau’s Foreign Policy In 1968 Pierre Elliott Trudeau would become Prime Minster of Canada following on the heels of L.B. Pearson. He wanted to become less dependent on the U.S.A. He officially recognized the communist government of China contrary to American opinion and ordered nuclear missiles removed from Canadian NATO forces in Europe. He dismantled BOMARC missile bases in Canada and ordered the defence budget cut. He reduced Canada’s NATO contingent in Europe by half.

Pierre Elliott Trudeau Was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from 20 April 1968 to 4 June 1979, and from 3 March 1980 to 30 June Trudeau was the first Canadian Prime Minister born in the 20th century. Trudeau was a charismatic figure.

Trudeau’s Foreign Policy Trudeau also recognized the split between development in poorer countries and richer countries and part of his mission was to improve their economic status. C.I.D.A., the Canadian International Development Agency, was formed to assist developing countries. Canada used “tied-aid”, whereby countries receiving aid agreed to buy Canadian goods, as an improvement strategy.

PIE GRAPH: CIDA Tied Aid Distribution

Advances in Science and Technology On July 21, 1969, the first manned moon landing by the U.S.A. occurred. The ozone layer was discovered in In 1969 ARPANET was created, it provided the foundation for the development of the Internet. Spar Arrowspace, a Canadian company, would develop the Canadarm for the U.S, space missions.

SPAR Aerospace Canadarm

Canada as a Middle Power Canada joined La Francophonie, an organization of French speaking countries, many former colonies of France. Canada also participated in the Colombo Plan, a plan to assist developing countries. Canada invited overseas students to study in Canada and sent experts overseas to give technical assistance.